Zoo Prion Disease: Review of Scientific = Literature

From: Subject: Zoo Prion Disease: Review of Scientific Literature Date: Mon, 4 Apr 2005 22:47:45 -0600 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0000_01C53968.5132E880"; type="text/html" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2600.0000 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C53968.5132E880 Content-Type: text/html; charset="Windows-1252" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.mad-cow.org/zoo_cites_annotated.html Zoo Prion Disease: Review of Scientific = Literature

Zoo = Prion=20 Disease: review of scientific literature
Database of = 82 zoo=20 animals with prion disease
Switcheroo = --=20 mysteries at the MAFF home page
More = cheetah TSE 9=20 years after 'ban'
The case of = the=20 missing pumas, tigers, ocelots, and lion
How many = house cats=20 really had TSE?
The Bristol = Zoo=20 tigers: 1970-77
Horizontal=20 transmission demonstrated in kudu
Eland, = nyala, bison,=20 ankole, arabianory, and scimitar-horned oryx
Related=20 References

Zoo Prion Disease: Review = of Scientific=20 Literature

"What is man without the beasts?
If the beasts were gone, men = would die=20 from a great loneliness of spirit.
For what happens to the beast soon = happens=20 to man.
All things are connected."

... attributed to Chief=20 Seattle (Suquamish = tribe) 1864.=20

Below, the entire scientific literature of 46 papers on zoo TSE, = many=20 obscure and expensive to obtain, are summarized from full text. = The=20 overall picture that emerges is appalling --=20 the British zoo cover-up has not only affected animals in their = own zoos=20 but also other zoos worldwide through the sale of contaminated = speciality=20 chows and through export and exchange of rare and=20 endangered species involved in conservation programs.
All the zoos involved are named by name here (unlike in = the=20 journal articles). Why protect a zoo that feeds cheetahs split = spinal=20 cords from cattle throughout the BSE epidemic? (Better to have = tossed them=20 the zoo veterinarian.) Names are important for zoos which would = not want=20 to export their healthy animals to these facilities or import = possibly=20 preclinical animals for their own endangered species breeding = programs or=20 release into wild populations. Medical scientists doing unrelated = research=20 want to know if animals in their programs are already incubating = prion=20 disease.=20
Ravensden, Marwell, Chester, Port Lympne, London, Whipsnade, = Woburn,=20 and Edinburgh are 8 known BSE affected British zoos. Woburn = Safari=20 Park apparently killed the lion by feeding it split cattle spinal = cords=20 and skulls.

Zoos not mentioned here could be just as bad or worse; in = fact, it is=20 the better zoos that acknowledge their problems (though no zoo yet has = really=20 come clean on preclinical animals) and some zoos were simply innocent = recipients=20 or donors. In CWD, these are called trace-forward and = trace-back facilities.=20

The issues here are mainly how much penetrance of BSE has there been = in=20 preclinical animals, what are the various incubation times relative to = life=20 span, and how transmissible (maternally and laterally) is zoo BSE on a=20 species-by-species basis. If your lion enclosure is thoroughly = contaminated=20 (like the deer and elk enclosures in Colorado), what do you put in = there, fresh=20 endangered asiatic lions caught in the wild? How do you demonstrate that = your=20 lion enclosure is not contaminated?=20

The main dirty trick used by zoos is not = to=20 perform the fast and affordable prion IHC (immunohistochemistry ) test = on=20 animals that die for whatever reason. It is these animals, not the rare = clinical=20 ones, that are the clue to how contaminated that zoo is and how = efficiently=20 prion disease is spreading laterally to animals never exposed to BSE per = se.=20 Don't ask your local zoo how much TSE it has had, ask rather how many = negative=20 IHCs. Zoos with no IHC data need to be placed under immediate quarantine = until=20 their incompetent management can be replaced.=20

The ugly side of zoo BSE is that thousands upon thousands of = rare=20 animals have already been exported or loaned to foreign zoos all over = the world=20 to maintain genetic diversity (which is already very constrained even = before=20 quarantining Britain and France zoos). In those animals in which = horizontal=20 transmission is efficient, these conservation programs are ruined.=20

Uglier still are reintroductions of endangered species into = the wild.=20 Here, the last remaining healthy stocks could be infected by horizonatal = transmission, as with prion disease in deer and elk and sheep. With zoo = animals,=20 BSE, and nvCJD, MAFF is still playing out the 'dead end host' theory,=20 discredited by CWD researchers long before they even began.=20

Ugliest of all is Britain's = refusal to=20 conduct immunohistochemistry on fallen zoo animals to determine the = extent of=20 the problem. The CVOs have been fighting this since 1986; it continues = to April,=20 1999. Too expensive? Simply send the frozen samples abroad in triplicate = to=20 willing researchers. The medulla oblongata can be removed in 5 minutes = or less=20 as is done in CWD and placed in an ice bucket.=20

All this and worse for the sake of cattle exports which never = amounted to an internet startup company in someone's = basement.=20

Prions in primates and other zoo = animals

22=20 April 1999. Contact webmaster = with=20 additions or corrections. fax 541-484-0669 US

Four important papers by Noelle Bons and coworkers concerning TSE in = primates=20 are summarized on a separate=20 page. The table below summarizes results in the 1999 PNAS paper. = Penetrance=20 of the disease is very high and many animals did not yet display = symptoms . This=20 paper was the first (and only one) to look at non-symptomatic zoo animals for prion infection (shown = below in=20 red). In the TSE column of the table, '+' signs indicate = confirmed, 'p'=20 indicates suspicious/probable, '-' means CNS study negative=20 for TSE.(shown as brown), 'pc' means positive diagnosis in = preclinical=20 animal.

PNAS =
96:4046-4051 199 30 Mar 1999 full text
see comment PNAS 96[9] 4738-4739, =
April 27, 1999 by Will and Ironside
C R Acad Sci III 1997 Dec;320(12):971-9 N Bons et al.
C R Acad Sci III 1996 Aug;319(8):733-6
Lancet Volume 348, Number 9019  6 July 1996

The 82 zoo animals with =
BSE:

Id   TSE  Genus     Species  Subsp       Birth  =
Origin          Death Place of Death
654  x  Microcebus  murinus  -            1997  U.Montpellier   1998  =
U.Montpellier
656  x  Microcebus  murinus  -            1997  U.Montpellier   1998  =
U.Montpellier
481  +  Eulemur     fulvus  mayottensis   1974  Madagascar      1992  =
Montpellier zoo
474  +  Eulemur     fulvus  mayottensis   1974  Madagascar      1990  =
Montpellier zoo
584  -  Eulemur     fulvus  mayottensis   1984  =
Montpellier     1991  Montpellier zoo
455  +  Eulemur     fulvus  mayottensis   1983  Montpellier     1989  =
Montpellier zoo
 -   +  Eulemur     fulvus  mayottensis   1988  Montpellier     1992  =
Montpellier zoo
 -   +  Eulemur     fulvus  mayottensis   1995  Montpellier     1996  =
Montpellier zoo
 -   +  Eulemur     fulvus  albifrons     1988  Paris           1992  =
Montpellier zoo
 -   +  Eulemur     fulvus  albifrons     1988  Paris           1990  =
Montpellier zoo
 -   +  Eulemur     fulvus  albifrons     1988  Paris           1992  =
Montpellier zoo
456  +  Eulemur     fulvus  albifrons     1988  Paris           1990  =
Montpellier zoo
586  +  Eulemur     mongoz  -             1979  Madagascar      1998  =
Montpellier zoo
 -   p  Eulemur     mongoz  -             1989  Mulhouse        1991  =
Montpellier zoo
 -   p  Eulemur     mongoz  -             1989  Mulhouse        1990  =
Montpellier zoo
 -   p  Eulemur     macaco  -             1986  Montpellier     1996  =
Montpellier zoo
 -   p  Lemur       catta   -             1976  Montpellier     1994  =
Montpellier zoo
 -   p  Varecia     variegata variegata   1985  Mulhouse        1990  =
Montpellier zoo
 -   p  Varecia     variegata variegata   1993  xxx             1994  =
Montpellier zoo
455  +  Macaca      mulatta  -            1986  Ravensden UK    1992  =
Montpellier zoo
 -   p  Macaca      mulatta  -            1986  Ravensden UK    1993  =
Montpellier zoo
 -   p  Macaca      mulatta  -            1988  Ravensden UK    1991  =
Montpellier zoo
 -   p  Saimiri     sciureus -            1987  Frejus France   1990  =
Frejus zoo
700  pc eulemur     hybrid   -               -  =
Besancon zoo    1998  Besancon zoo
701  pc eulemur     hybrid   -               -  Besancon zoo    1998  =
Besancon zoo
702  pc eulemur     hybrid   -               -  Besancon zoo    1998  =
Besancon zoo
703  pc eulemur     hybrid   -               -  Besancon zoo    1998  =
Besancon zoo
704  pc eulemur     hybrid   -               -  Besancon zoo    1998  =
Besancon zoo
705  pc eulemur     hybrid   -               -  Besancon zoo    1998  =
Besancon zoo
706  pc eulemur     hybrid   -               -  Strasbourg zoo  1998  =
Strasbourg zoo
707  pc eulemur     hybrid   -               -  Strasbourg zoo  1998  =
Strasbourg zoo
708  pc eulemur     hybrid   -               -  Strasbourg zoo  1998  =
Strasbourg zoo
709  pc eulemur     hybrid   -               -  Strasbourg zoo  1998  =
Strasbourg zoo
710  pc eulemur     hybrid   -               -  Strasbourg zoo  1998  =
Strasbourg zoo
711  pc eulemur     hybrid   -               -  Strasbourg zoo  1998  =
Strasbourg zoo
712  pc eulemur     hybrid   -               -  Strasbourg zoo  1998  =
Strasbourg zoo
713  pc eulemur     hybrid   -               -  Strasbourg zoo  1998  =
Strasbourg zoo
714  pc eulemur     hybrid   -               -  Strasbourg zoo  1998  =
Strasbourg zoo
715  pc eulemur     hybrid   -               -  Strasbourg zoo  1998  =
Strasbourg zoo
716  pc eulemur     hybrid   -               -  Strasbourg zoo  1998  =
Strasbourg zoo
717  pc eulemur     hybrid   -               -  Strasbourg zoo  1998  =
Strasbourg zoo
 x   p  genus       species  -               -  =
Lille zoo       1996  Lille zoo
 y   p  genus       species  -               -  Lille zoo       1996  =
Lille zoo
 z   p  genus       species  -               -  Lille zoo       1996  =
Lille zoo


1    +  Actinonyx   jubatus  cheetah      1986  Marwell zoo     1991  =
Pearle Coast AU
Duke +  Actinonyx   jubatus  cheetah      1984  Marwell zoo     1992  =
Colchester zoo? UK
Saki +  Actinonyx   jubatus  cheetah      1986  Marwell zoo     1993  =
unknown UK
Mich +  Actinonyx   jubatus  cheetah      1986  Whipsnade       1993  =
Whipsnade UK
Fr1  +  Actinonyx   jubatus  cheetah      1987  Whipsnade       1997  =
Safari de Peaugres FR
Fr2  +  Actinonyx   jubatus  cheetah      1991  Marwell zoo     1997  =
Safari de Peaugres Fr
xx   +  Actinonyx   jubatus  cheetah      19xx  xxx zoo         199x  =
Fota zoo IR
yy   +  Actinonyx   jubatus  cheetah      19xx  yyy zoo         1996+ =
yyyy zoo UK
zz   +  Actinonyx   jubatus  cheetah      19xx  zzz zoo         1996+ =
yyyy zoo UK

aaa  +  Felis       concolor puma         1986  Chester zoo     1991  =
Chester zoo UK
yy   +  Felis       concolor puma         1980  yyy zoo         1995  =
yyyy zoo UK
zz   +  Felis       concolor puma         1978  zzz zoo         1995  =
zzzz zoo UK

xxx  +  Felis       pardalis ocelot       1987  xxx             1994  =
Chester zoo UK
zzz  +  Felis       pardalis ocelot       1980  zzz             1995  =
zzzz zoo UK

85   +  Felis       catus    cat          1990+ various         1999+ =
various UK LI NO=20
19   +  Canis       familia. dog          1992+ various         1999+ =
various UK=20

Fota +  Panthera    tigris   tiger        1981  xxx zoo         1995  =
xxxx zoo UK
yy   +  Panthera    tigris   tiger        1983  yyy zoo         1998  =
yyyy zoo UK

Lump +  Panthera    leo      lion         1986  Woburn SP       1998  =
Edinburgh zoo UK [since 1994]

1    +  Taurotragus oryx     eland        1987  Port Lympne     1989  =
Port Lympne zoo UK
Moll +  Taurotragus oryx     eland        1989  xx UK           1991  =
not Port Lympne UK
Nedd +  Taurotragus oryx     eland        1989  xx UK           1991  =
not Port Lympne UK
Elec +  Taurotragus oryx     eland        1990  xx UK           1992  =
not Port Lympne Uk
Daph p  Taurotragus oryx     eland        1988  xx UK           1990  =
not Port Lympne UK
zzz  +  Taurotragus oryx     eland        1991  zz UK           1994  =
zzz UK=20
yyy  +  Taurotragus oryx     eland        1993  yy UK           1995  =
yyy UK 


Fran p  Tragelaphus strepsi. kudu         1985  =
London zoo      1987  London zoo UK
Lind +  Tragelaphus strepsi. kudu         1987  London zoo      1989  =
London zoo UK
Karl +  Tragelaphus strepsi. kudu         1988  London zoo      1990  =
London zoo UK
Kaz  +  Tragelaphus strepsi. kudu         1988  London zoo      1991  =
London zoo UK
Bamb pc Tragelaphus strepsi. kudu         1988  =
London zoo      1991  London zoo UK
Step -  Tragelaphus strepsi. kudu         1984  =
London zoo      1991  London zoo UK
346  pc Tragelaphus strepsi. kudu         1990  =
London zoo      1992  London zoo UK
324  +  Tragelaphus strepsi. kudu         1989  =
Marwell zoo     1992  London zoo UK

xxx  +  Tragelaphus angasi   nyala        1983  Marwell zoo     1986  =
Marwell zoo UK

yy   +  Oryx        gazella  gemsbok      1983  Marwell zoo     1986  =
Marwell zoo UK
zz   +  Oryx        gazella  gemsbok      1994+ zzz zoo         1996+ =
zzzz zoo UK

xx   +  Oryx        dammah   scim oryx    1990  xxxx zoo        1993  =
Chester zoo UK

yy   +  Oryx        leucoryx arab oryx    1986  Zurich zoo      1991  =
London zoo UK

yy   +  Bos         taurus   ankole cow   1987 yyy zoo          1995  =
yyyy zoo UK
zz   +  Bos         taurus   ankole cow   1986 zzz zoo          1991  =
zzzz zoo UK

xx   +  Bison       bison    Eu bison     1989 xxx zoo          1996  =
xxxx zoo UK

Switcheroo -- MAFF web site mysteries

19 = Apr 99=20 webmaster correspondence with MAFF "help" desk The MAFF = staff=20 actually responds helpfully to substantative question about material on = their=20 Web site though delays occur. The webmaster wrote MAFFon 16 April 1999 = thanking=20 them for their 15 Apr 99 update on animals that have succumbed to = confirmed TSE=20 and asking for dates of death on unpublished cases in tigers, ocelots, = pumas,=20 and bison that are listed on their site. These animals died some years = back but=20 nothing has ever appeared. On 17 Apr 99, the webmaster wrote again about = something very puzzling: an allusion to cheetahs on line 15 and 29 = whereas no=20 such line numbers existed on the web page.=20

Evidently they were holding back a line-by-line database of animals = that=20 would be very useful to scientists and conservationists around the = world.. Very=20 ominiouly, the cheetah lines went up to 29 whereas they showed "only" 5 = British=20 cheetahs (at Marwell and Whipsnade) plus 4 exported cheetahs [not = furnished but=20 Fota, Pearle Coast, and Safari de Peugres x 2]. There is nothing special = about=20 cheetahs and BSE other than they have a shorter incubation time than = some of the=20 other felids.=20

These cheetahs are reported elsewhere to have been fed cattle = delicacies such=20 as split spinal cords, whole necks, whole skulls, and split skulls from = which=20 the knacker had "removed" CNS material, as late as 1993. No cheetah has = ever=20 been autopsied that did not display clinical signs of TSE; 11 cheetahs = died at=20 Marwell alone in the mid-90's but apparently were incinerated without = autopsy or=20 freezing samples despite the zoo's track record.=20

The response to my polite inquiry: none. Well, actually there = was a=20 response: the MAFF=20 webmaster quietly deleted any mention of the database. The switheroo occured on Mon, Apr 19, 1999 10:59 AM = GMT=20 according to Netscape 'document info', taking the site back to an = earlier=20 version of the document not mentioning line 15 and 29 and deleting the = name of=20 Marwell Zoo (the cheetah BSE factory).=20

However, I had saved the original page to disk. Here is what the deleted=20 top secret MAFF page actually said:=20

"Not included above are two cheetahs at zoos in Australia = and the=20 Republic of Ireland. Both were apparently litter mates and exported = from Marwell zoo, where the cheetahs on=20 lines 15 and 29 were born. Two cases in cheetahs were also = confirmed in=20 France, one in January 1997, in an animal born at Whipsnade zoo in = 1989.=20 Details are awaited for the second case, but it is reported to have = been born=20 in Britain*."

*Why don't they just ring up the French = team and=20 find out -- they published the abstract 8 months ago in August of 1998. = They=20 gave a presentation at the Chester Zoo published in the Proceedings of = the EAZWV=20 on May 24-24, 1998.=20

MAFF came through (somewhat) on 13 May 1999. Though the names of the = zoos=20 could not be supplied and the cheetah line 29 business could not be = explained,=20 birth and death dates of zoo BSE animals supplement the published = record.=20

Species	Born	Onset/Died=20
Ocelot=20	May 1987=20	Mar 1994=20
Ocelot=20	Jul 1980=20	Oct 1995=20
Puma=20	1986=20	May 1991=20
Puma=20	1980=20	May 1995=20
Puma=20	1978=20	May 1995=20
Lion=20	Nov 1986=20	Dec 1998=20
Tiger=20	1981=20	Dec 1995=20
Tiger=20	Feb 1983=20	Oct 1998=20
Ankole=20	1987=20	May 1995=20
Ankole=20	1986=20	Feb 1991=20
Bison=20	1989/90=20	Oct 1996

Maff=20 data on 15 May 99=20
kudu 6=20
gemsbok 1=20
nyala 1=20
oryx 2=20
eland 6=20
cheetah 9=20
puma 3=20
tiger 2=20
ocelot 2=20
bison 1=20
ankole 2=20
lion 1

Ankoles and bison are basically cows so no real surprise here; it = would have=20 been nice had it been determined whether the prion genes were from 5- or = 6- or=20 7- repeat animals. Ocelot, tiger, lion, and puma prion sequences have=20 unfortunately not been determined.=20

Pumas are of special interest because of CWD, the theory being that = cougars=20 in NE Colorado have been eating a steady diet of mad deer and mad elk. = However,=20 UK data on susceptibility to BSE does not provide any specific = information on=20 the issue of how long the incubation period might be for oral CWD = transmission.=20 Woverines would be another rare species at extreme risk given their = dietary=20 practises. Lynx do not eat carrion. There has never been a surveillance = programs=20 for animals shot or trapped.=20

The cheetah epidemic: how many are incubating=20 disease?

20 April 1999. Contact webmaster with additions or = corrections.=20 fax 541-484-0669 US

Second French cheetah with TSE

23 August 1998 Iceland TSE =
Sympostium, Abstract P56
JY =
Madec, A Pencsik, P Belli, C Vitaud, and Th. Baron
Centre Nation d'Etudes Veterinaaires et =
Alimentaire, Lyons,France. JYM: tel +33 4 78 72 65 43 fax +33 4 78 =
61 91 45=DD

"A female cheetah (Actinonyx jubatus) born at=20 Marwell Animal Park in Great Britain in April 1991 and exported = to=20 France at 2 years of age was diagnosed in our laboratory with a = spongiform=20 encephalopathy in July 1997. This is the second case of TSE in a = cheetah=20 imported from GB to France that occured in the same zoologicial park = as the=20 first one [Baron et al, Vet Rec 141:270-271 1997]."

As Vitaud works at the Safari de Peaugres at Peaugres, France, this = facility=20 probably received this sick cheetah as well as the earlier one from = Whipsnade.=20 Note this animal was born well after the Sept 1990 = ban so either demonstrates horizontal/maternal transmission or = that the=20 ban was flouted by the zoo, or that spinal cord or offal from cattle = under 6=20 months was still infections.=20

No publication has appeared although 8 months have elapsed since the = result=20 was reported at the meeting. The zoo supplying the cheetah has not been=20 released. At the Inquiry, Kirkwood cited this document [on order] which = may=20 imply 4 French cases in total:=20

Clinical observations on four cases of feline spongiform = encephalopathy in=20 cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus).

Proceedings of the European =
Association of Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians, Chester, UK, 21st-24th =
May 1998. Pp 133-138
Vitaud, C., Flach, E.J., Thornton, S.M. & Capello, R. (1998)=20

[Document on order]=20

Spongiform encephalopathy in an imported cheetah in = France.

Vet Rec 1997 Sep 13;141(11):270-1
Baron-T, Belli-P Madec-J-Y Moutou-F Vitaud-C Savey-M
CNEVA-Lyon, Laboratoire de Pathologie Bovine, France.=20

A male cheetah born at Whipsnade Wild Animal Park in Britain in = Sept 1987=20 was exported to Safari de Peaugres, France in April 1993. Disease onset=20 (hindlimb ataxia) began in early Dec 1996; the animal was euthanized on = 20 Jan=20 97 Immunochemistry with 3F4 confirmed the diagnosis. Thus the onset was = at 111=20 months, the duration was 7 weeks, and the incubation period 3-9 years. = This is=20 longer than the other 4 cheetah cases which ranged from 55-91 months for = onset.=20

This cheetah had the same father as a female cheetah (Michelle) that = was born=20 at Whipsnade in May 1986, lived all her life there, and died with FSE in = Dec 93=20 (at the animal hospital at Regent's Park). While at Whipsnade, both = cheetahs=20 were fed "cuts of meat and bone meal from carcasses of cattle and horses = unfit=20 for human consumption, which never included heads, but nevertheless=20 contained sagitally split necks and lumbar regious = of=20 cattle." This practise was theoretically banned in Sept 1990 in = the UK=20 for cattle over the age of 6 months. The cheetahs were also fed ten = species=20 culled deer and antelope zoo species at Whipsnade [see Kirkwood 1995 = below],=20 none of them tested for TSE. In France, the cheetah was fed chicken and = beef=20 chops fit for human consumption.=20

In Sep 97 (French publication date), 3 pumas and 1 ocelot had died of = TSE. On=20 24 Sep 94 (submission date), 1 puma and no ocelot cases were known to Kirkwood and Cunningham. This = suggests 2=20 additional pumas and the first ocelot died in a Sept 94- June 97 window = and that=20 the second ocelot died in a June 1997-Apr 1999 window (which can be = narrowed=20 further by looking at earlier screen captures on this site of the MAFF=20 exotic TSE statistics page). Thus 1 ocelot case was known by 8 July = 1996. S.=20 Dealler reports that the Chester Zoo directly confirmed to him one of = the ocelot=20 deaths.=20

SE in in another captive cheetah: Evidence for variation in = susceptibility=20 or incubation period between species?

J Zoo Wildlife Medicine =
26: 577 1995 (membership-only journal not abstracted by Medline until =
Mar 1997
American Association of Zoo =
Veterinarians; no abstracts or even titles prior to vol 29 online.
Kirkwood JK, Cunninghanm =
AA, Flach EJ, Thornton SM, Wells GAH

This important article was submitted on 24 Sep 94. No tiger, lion, = or=20 ocelot TSE case was known to these authors and only 1 puma. This report=20 describes the 4th of 8 cheetahs known at that time. Thus 1 of 2 tigers, = 2 more=20 pumas, and 1 ocelot died of TSE before the Sept 97 French cheetah case = but still=20 have not been published 3 years later.=20

This article seeks to mask identities of zoos other than Whipsnade. = "Zoo 2"=20 is easily identified via the French paper and Maff as Marwell. Extensive = trafficking in cheetahs among zoos is revealed: nearly all the 19 = cheetahs shown=20 in Figure 1 had spent time in 2-3 zoos. 11 of the cheetahs ended up an = unknown=20 number of unidentified zoos domestic and foreign. Only 5 of the 19 = cheetahs were=20 still alive in Sep 94; 4 had confirmed TSE, and 11 were = incinerated=20 without neurological testing or sample retention.=20

This was a lost opportunity for = determining the=20 proportion of cheetahs with TSE in progress, greatly exacerbating the = risks to=20 zoos receiving these cheetahs of horizontal transmission, even placing = worldwide=20 cheetah conservation in some jeopardy. Note that while the exposure and=20 ascertainment expertise resided in Britain, 4 of 8 cheetahs with TSE = were=20 confirmed by foreign zoos. This suggests England has sharply unreported = its=20 incidence in cheetahs.=20

A cheetah named Michelle is the subject of this article: born May = 1986 and=20 raised at Whipsnade, dying there of TSE on 22 Dec 93 at 91 months of = age. The=20 mother, Misty, was born in the Pretoria Zoo in 1978 and arrived at = Whipsnade in=20 1983, dying in Jul 1987 of "interstial nephritis" and was incinerated = without=20 neuroautopsy or sample retention. The father was born in 1977 at = Howletts Soo in=20 Kent and moved to Whipsnade in 1978, dying in 1988 of "gastric ulcers" = but was=20 incinerated without neuroautopsy or sample retention.=20

Two siblings of Michelle were still alive at unknown British zoos in = Sept=20 1993, one sibling had died of "renal failure" but was incinerated = without=20 neuroautopsy or sample retention. One sibling was lost track of in Dec = 1988.=20 Three siblings were put in unnamed British zoos in Mar 1987, the fourth = in Sept=20 1987. The current status of these extremely = high-risk=20 animals (and their new cagemates and offspring) is unknown.=20

An unnamed cheetah on line 1, born 16 June 86 at Marwell, exported to = the=20 Pearle Coast Zoo [deleted from article] in Broome, Australia on 9 May 89 = along=20 with 2 littermates, dying in late Dec 91 at age 66 months after 4 weeks = of=20 symptoms of TSE as described by Perth veterinarians. The littermates = were=20 euthanized in Aug 92. After diagnosis, all 3 animals were exhumed and=20 incinerated. No CNS study was performed on the littermates. CVL = confirmed the=20 diagnosis, finding prion fibrils.=20

A cheetah named Duke, born at Marwell on 3 Sept 84 spent 6 weeks at = Whipsnade=20 (for breeding?) but was exported from there to an unnamed zoo (not back = to=20 Marwell) where it died of TSE on 27 Oct 92, according to Peter Bircher = [also=20 associated with Marwell in nyala and gemsbok] and John C Lewis of the = International=20 Zoo Veterinary Group, West Yorkshire (fax 44 1535 690433), suggesting a = British=20 zoo, possibly Colchester Zoo. From Aug 1986 to Dec 1991, Duke had been = fed=20 cattle form a knacker's yard but not heads or backbone and occasional = whole=20 stillborn calves and soay sheep. A littermate of Duke accompanied him to = the=20 same zoo on 17 Aug 86 (after 15 months at Whipsnade) dying in May 1993 = without=20 CNS autopsy. Duke's other 3 littermates died at Whipsnade without CNS=20 investigation.=20

A cheetah named Saki, born 23 Feb 86 at Marwell, spent five months = from 18=20 Sept 90 apparently at Whipsnade, and then was transfered on 22 Feb 91 to = a third=20 zoo (with an association to Sean Mckeow), dying on 4 May 93 of TSE some = 26=20 months after arrival. The cheetah death at Fota, Ireland = has=20 insufficient released data to associate it with either Saki or Duke.=20

Marwell remained a very aggressive cheetah=20 exporter despite its history with nyala (first zoo TSE death in = July=20 1986) and gemsbok (born 18 Jun 83, died 8 June 87 at 48 months): only 1 = of 11=20 cheetahs shown here was retained by the facility itself, a female, = Misty, the=20 mother of all the Marwell litters in Figure 1, who died without = neuro-autopsy or=20 sample retention in Aug 1991. The record is very clear that Marwell knew = of the=20 death of its Pearle Coaste zoo cheetah in Jan 1992 and the death of Duke = (and=20 perhaps Saki) at the time it shipped another cheetah to Safari de = Peugres after=20 April 1993.=20

All 11 of the exported Marwell cheetahs in Figure 1 had died by Sept = 1993=20 (including 3 to Whipsnade); only 2 of the 11 deaths were investigated by = neuro-autopsy, the other 9 were incinerated. One and possibly both of = the only=20 neuro-autopsies were conducted by foreign countries. The authors of this = paper,=20 4 of whom are shown as veterinarians with association to Whipsnade, are=20 silent on 3 Whipsnade cheetahs from Marwell that died in Aug = 1985, July=20 1993, and August 1993 and on 3 additional cheetahs from Whipsnade itself = that=20 died in Aug 1989, Dec 1988, and Dec 1993.=20

The first French cheetah case is not shown in Figure 1 (lacks Sept 87 = birth=20 at Whipsnade). The second French cheetah case is not shown either: = Marwell lacks=20 an April 1991 birth with export to France in 1993 and death in July = 1997. This=20 second cheetah argues for horizontal TSE transmission among cheetahs, = like that=20 in scrapie and CWD. No details are available on the mother of this = cheetah=20 however or for that matter its cagemates.=20

The UK itself had 5 cheetah deaths by Apr 99. Only one UK death, = Michelle, is=20 clear from this paper. Figure 1 has 2 other unassigned cheetah TSE = deaths at=20 zoos other than Marwell, Whipsnade, Broome, and France. Fota may be one = of these=20 cases. This leaves 3-4 UK cheetah deaths unaccounted for, 4 at unknown = zoos.In=20 exotic cats the=20 Maff site now says have now been nine cases in cheetahs (four were = diagnosed=20 abroad but originated in Britain), three in pumas, two in ocelots, two = in tigers=20 and one in a lion, consistent with the MAFF=20 exotics statistics page.=20

Whipsnade cheetah were offered whole cattle necks as well as = sagitally split=20 necks and lumbar regions. Additionally, surplus animals in 'apparent = good=20 health' culled for population control were fed (no CNS check). These = animals=20 would have been fed MBM rations like all zoo ungulutes in the UK up = until stocks=20 were exhausted after the partial ban. The species feed to cheetah after = 1989 at=20 Whipsnade include fallow deer, hog deer, sika deer, reindeer, water = deer,=20 nilgai, bison, waterbuck, gemsbok, and scimitar-horned = oryx=20 (bold indicates zoo species known to have contracted BSE). These feeding = practises were highly irresponsible and completely unnecessary; they = should have=20 been stopped in 1986.=20

Note an important difference between cheetahs eating individual = animals and=20 kudus eating pooled MBM product from thousands of rendered cattle (and = sheep):=20 the former is hit-or-miss, the latter is low titre = but=20 certain.=20

This paper is the first and only paper to give numbers of captive = felids in=20 Britain. At the start of 1990 [source: Mammal Inventory - 1989, FZG PM = 1990=20 London.] members of the Federation of Zoological Gardens of Great = Britain and=20 Ireland held=20

42 cheetahs
66 tigers
51 leopards,
68 lions
25 = jaguars
19=20 snow leopards
1,227 carnivores of 69 species
2,675 artiodactyls of = 62=20 species
This data gave weak chi-squared support to preferential = cheetah=20 susceptibility; however subsequent events (2 tigers, 1 lion, 4 cheetahs] = eliminate any statistical signficance. Felid prions have proven hard to = sequence=20 for unknown reasons; only domestic cat has been reported. Primates data = is not=20 mentioned but surely given in the source book. The = word=20 'primate' is never mentioned in any of the 46 articles over 13 = years,=20 even after 3 rhesus monkeys from Ravensden proved positive or probable = in=20 France.=20

The authors conclude by saying,=20

"The pattern of incidence in the kudu suggests that the disease is transmitted between animals through=20 contact, and that the disease could (or has) become endemic in = one=20 herd. The epidemiology of the disease ik kudu appears therefore to be = more=20 like that of scrapie in sheep and CWD in deer, both of which can be=20 transmitted by direct or indirect contact."

This has horrific implications for conservation because:=20

"Most herds of zoo animals are small and in order to = maintaintheir=20 genetic diversity, animals have to be moved between zoos for breeding, = both=20 locally and internationally; these movements are = inevitable associated with some risk of accidental disease=20 transmission. "Furthermore, there is growing interest in the = reintroduction of=20 captive bred animals to the wild for conservation programmmes and = these reintroducions provide a route for the = accidental=20 transmission of infections diseases into free-living = populations."

The authors note,=20

"There may also be a possibility that individuals of some = species=20 could carry and transmit the disease without showing any clinical = signs. It=20 would be prudent to avoid movements of = animals that=20 could have been exposed to the BSE agent, or their offspring or = in-contacts,=20 into populations that have not been exposed..."

Nowhere in all these articles does Kirkwood ever consider the = obvious: prion=20 immunohistochemistry on every fallen animal whether it died with TSE = symptoms or=20 not. Nowhere does Kirkwood even suggest freezing CNS samples before = incinerating=20 carcasses. There would have been no real expense to this (given a 10 = billion=20 dollar epidemic already) and a random subset of the samples could be = autopsied=20 initially.=20

The paper concludes with excellent warnings about the = inappropriateness of=20 exposed animals for reintroduction programs and the risks to importing = zoos. No=20 action was ever taken by the Federation of Zoological Gardens however = and=20 trafficking and reintroductions have probably continued unabated.=20

December = 1998=20 cheetah holdings in UK, Ireland, and France. All UK animals or = UK-history=20 animals must be considered extremely high-risk:

Banham 6
Chester 2
Colchestr 5
Edinburgh 2
Marwell 6
Paignton 1
Whipsnade 5

Belfast 5
Fota 28
total 60 (32 in Britain)

Fontaine 4
La Palmyr 11
Mulhouse 2
Paris Zoo 7=20
Peaugres 11
total 35

One supposes that Bradley, the MAFF line = officer who=20 passed the disgraceful order from CVO Meldrin to Jeffrey to falsify and = delay=20 his 1986 nyala article according to Inquiry = transcripts, saw to=20 it that no cheetah was autopsied or had sample retained unless it = presented with=20 overt TSE symptoms. Wells has his name on almost every paper on this = page,=20 indicating his office had its hand in all veterinary research, even that = at=20 private zoos, possibly because of Wells' vast experience or possibly = because of=20 CVO orders or both. MAFF similarly fought off autopsies of asymptomatic = cows=20 throughout the BSE epidemic; in 1998 was aggressively opposing a random = autopsy=20 program for BSE transmitted to sheep; and in 1999 was seeking to halt = tonsil=20 surveys of nvCJD in asymptotic humans. There is a pattern here.=20

With zoos and endangered species, MAFF took a = huge gamble=20 with the world's wildlife, hoping that most infected animals = would die of=20 other causes and remain hidden, hoping further that horizontal and = vertical=20 transmission would not perpetuate the disease the way they had with CWD = and=20 scrapie in both captive and wild populations. That same gamble is being = taken=20 with human and blood transfusion.=20

This was Kirkwood's last zoo TSE paper. However he gave a written = statement=20 #324 to the BSE Inquiry, observing:=20
"19. As regards dealings with committees, working parties and=20 government departments: the cases in the ZSL animals (and, as far = as I am=20 aware, all the zoo animal cases that occurred in the British = Isles) were=20 diagnosed or confirmed at the Central Veterinary Laboratory = (CVL)..."
He left the Institute of Zoology at London Zoo in June 1996 and = is now=20 the scientific director the Universities Federation = for Animal=20 Welfare (UFAW) He now publishes on backyard=20 bird feeders after all his grant applications were rejected by = MAFF.=20 Neither the British=20 Veterinary Association nor the Royal=20 College of Veterinary Surgeons would provide an email or fax = contact=20 number. However Kirkwood may be found at UFAW.=20
In wildlife, as Kirkland foresaw in the early 90's, the scheme collapsed with the publication = of Noelle=20 Bons' paper in March 1999: the first systematic look for = presymptomatic=20 TSE in 13 years of zoo TSE research gave truly shocking = results. The=20 true scope of the epidemic must be staggering in felids and = ungulates as=20 well as primates -- some animals simply have longer incubation = periods=20 than others, that is all that is going on. There is no species = barrier.=20 Horizontal transfer may perpetuate the epidemic long after the = original=20 animals exposed to BSE feed are = gone.

Spongiform encephalopathy in an imported cheetah

Aust Vet J =
1992 Jul;69(7):171=20
Peet RL, Curran JM

The abstract reads:=20

"A 5.5-year-old cheetah at the Broome Zoo [in NW Australia, aka = Pearle Coast=20 Zoo] was observed to be ataxic and disorientated during December 1991... = The=20 animal was killed 4 weeks after the onset of clinical symptoms when it = exhibited=20 falling, locomotory weakness and distress... Histopathology showed = widespread=20 axonal degeneration and demyelination of all tracts in the spinal cord. = Severe=20 spongiform change was visible in the grey matter of the neuroaxis, = especially in=20 the corpus striatum, midbrain and thalamic areas. On the basis of=20 neuropathology, a diagnosis of spongiform encephalopathy was made and = samples=20 were forwarded to the reference laboratory in=20 Weybridge, UK. The presence of fibrils was confirmed by electron=20 microscopy. Meanwhile, a quarantine order was = placed on the=20 zoo and the previously buried carcasses were disinterred and = incinerated.=20 [This suggests the littermates were killed as well.]=20

The cheetah was born at Marwell Zoo in England on 16 June 1986 and = imported=20 together with 2 littermates to Australia on 9 May 1989. Marwell Zoo = practised a=20 'feeding in' of culled carcasses to other zoo animals, particularly = felids and=20 canids [meaning animals culled at the zoo were fed to carnivores]. The = cheetah=20 probably ingested the infective agent while still in England. This is = the first=20 diagnosis of spongiform encephalopathy in a cheetah and of spongiform=20 encephalopathy in a zoo animal outside the UK."=20

The one column article adds little to this. Australia is very = concerned about=20 exotic diseases and samples were treated as category 3. The quthorw = opine=20 that"the cheetah is considered a 'dead end' = host and=20 should not represent a threat to Australian livestock." There is no = record of=20 cage decontamination and no tracking of other zoo imports from Marwell = Zoo or=20 the UK.=20

Keepers had noticed a change in gait and disorientation, becoming in = two=20 weeks ataxia, locomotor weakness, and distress."Severe spongiform change = was=20 visible in the grey matter of the neurozxis, especially in the corpus = striatum,=20 midbrain, and thalamic areas."=20

Large felids with prion disease: years go by = without=20 publication

24 Apr 99 Contact webmaster with additions or = corrections.=20 fax 541-484-0669 US

Confirmed cases in puma, ocelot, lion, tiger, and cheetahs remain = unpublished=20 and the zoos involved secret.=20

The lion named Lumpy that died in Dec 98 was born in 1986 at Woburn = Safari=20 Park and transferred to the transferred to Edinburgh Zoo in 1994. It was = 12=20 years old at death. Matthew = Pincbeck=20 at the Edinburgh facility reportedly has expressed concern on = lateral=20 transmission, because management had plans to = euthanize an 8=20 year old female (Jody) housed with the FSE lion, based on the=20 recommendation of the EEP coordinator of Asiatic lions in London. = However, the=20 CVO has stated there is=DD "no concern with putting her with other = healthy lions=20 who have not been previously exposed to the disease" and the zoo has = attempted=20 to place her with another collection (to make room for a new collection = of=20 Asiatic lions in Edinburgh)=20

The Edinburgh case is discussed on the Born = Free home=20 page -- the averted death sentence to Jody housed with Lumpy is = mentioned, as=20 are two other lions at Woburn which were to be culled because of lack of = space/overbreeding, but were saved by public outcry. Also mentioned is a = colony=20 of primates which should have similarly be gotten rid of etc. Woburn=20 Safari Park and Woburn Abbey Deer Park are related facilites at the = Duke of=20 Beford's 3000 acre drive-through estate; Lumpy resided at the former.=20

Born Free's Shirley Galligan issued the following statement on 25th = Feb 99...=20

"48 hours ago Woburn Safari Park were arranging to put an end to = Bruno and=20 Bantu's lives, they were happy to do this discreetly before they opened = their=20 doors to the public on March 9th.=DD Thanks to information received at = the Born=20 Free Foundation offices and our subsequent calls to the UK Media, the = plight of=20 Bruno and Bantu became a national concern and an enourmous embarrassment = to the=20 management at Woburn Safari Park."=20

"In a press statement issued by Woburn safari Park they thanked the = media for=20 creating new contacts enabling them to find a new home for the lions at = Bewdly=20 Safari Park.=DD The Born Free Foundation would like to ask why only now = have=20 Bewdley offered a home for Bruno and Bantu when they were being openly = touted on=20 the Zoo Federations animal surplus list, information that is readily = available=20 to every zoo and safari park in the UK.=DD We have seen how safari parks = and zoos=20 court the limelight to ensure maximum profits, we at Born Free hope that = this is=20 not yet another PR exercise on behalf of this closed industry."=20

Lion holdings in British zoos as of Dec 98 are = available;=20 however, these do not give ages of animals. Mr. Douglas Richardson of = the London=20 Zoo Regent's Park heads the EEP = program for=20 endangered Asian lions, Panthera leo persicus, that are to be put in the = presumbably contaminated enclosure. The years in which other felids died = can be=20 inferred from the published record by defining the window between the = first=20 mention of a case and the last review failing to mention a case. For = example, a=20 tiger case is mentioned by Narang in an article appearing in Apr 96 (but = submitted say in Dec 1995 ) whereas Kirkland specifically compares the = cheetah=20 situation to the absence of disease in tigers in a comprehenisive = published in=20 Sept 1994 (say submitted in June 1994. Kirkland was well-connected as = senior=20 veterinary officer at the London and Whipsnade Zoos and conducted = extensive=20 interviews with colleagues. This establishes an 18 month window of Jun = 94 - Dec=20 95 for the death of the first tiger and in turn, a 29-47 month delay in=20 publication.=20

By Sep 13 1997, 2 additional pumas and 1 ocelot, and 1 tiger had died = of TSE.=20 The tigers are not included in the list from the WHO = meeting=20 14-16 May 1996, whereas the 2 ocelots and the two additional pumas are: = "Seven=20 species of captive wild Bovidae and 18 animals in all have succumbed to = SE=20 probably via the same feed source as cattle. Domestic cats (71), puma = (3),=20 ocelot (2) and cheetah (4) have developed feline SE.=20

Epidemiological observations on spongiform = encephalopathies=20 in captive wild animals in the British Isles.

Vet Rec 1994 Sep =
24;135(13):296-303
Kirkwood JK, Cunningham AA

This is an important summary of zoo TSE based on a 14 Sept 1993 = Brussels=20 talk (despite being published a year later). The authors interviewed = zoos and=20 staff at 8 affected British institutions about the 19 individual animals = and=20 their diet. Since the article was completed 2 additional pumas, 2 = ocelots, 2=20 tigers, 1 lion, a bison, and 3 rhesus monkeys originating in UK zoos = have been=20 confirmed.=20

The scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) TSE case is described in print = for the=20 first time, based on an interview with veterinarians Sandra Scholes [at=20 Veterinary Pathology, University of Liverpool in 1993] and Derek Lyon. = The=20 female was born on 12 July 1990 at an unidentified zoo [one with no = reported=20 cases] and moved to the Chester zoo [deleted from article but = recognizable from=20 puma and D. Lyons involvement] (which had had no ungulate cases but 1 = puma), on=20 25 Apr 91 where it died 21 months later on 29 Jan 1993 at age 30 months. =

At the zoo of birth, the scimitar-horned oryx ate proprietary dairy = cattle=20 feed but was born 24 months after the (leaky) ban. She was housed with = 15 other=20 scimitar-horned oryx, zebra, and red lechwe -- there were 65 = scimitar-horned=20 oryx total at this time in the British Isles. At Chester the = scimitar-horned=20 oryx was fed a proprietary concentrate lacking ruminant protein after = July 1988=20 (though the manufacturer continued to sell this feed from inventory = until Nov=20 1988) and housed with giraffe, gazelle, roan antelope, and forest = buffalo.=20

From the incubation period the scimitar-horned oryx could have been = first=20 exposed to TSE at the unidentified zoo or at Chester Zoo. Both = facilities had=20 used tainted feed in the past and may not have realized how ineffective = the ban=20 was as a screen for infectivity. The mother was still alive in Sept 1993 = but the=20 father had been culled in good health with no CNS tissue saved or = examined.=20

Four cases of TSE in elands had occurred by the time of this article = but only=20 one at Port Lympne Zoo in Kent had been written up (by Fleetwood and = Furley in=20 1990). Two subsequent cases have never been described. The 3 elands = written up=20 here were at a different collection associated with Martin Hosegood at = (Scott=20 Veterinary Clinic, 405 Goldington Road, Bedford, Bedfordshire in 1999; = at 49=20 Howbury St, Bedford in 1993, at Cheadle, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire = in 1987).=20 The zoo has not yet been identifed. The herd consisted of 14-26 animals = and had=20 been closed since 1982. As the were only 35 elands in all of the British = Isles=20 in Jan 90, the zoo could be = identified=20 from the NFZG yearbook or current holdings [only Paignton in Devon today = on the SW=20 coast; Whipsnade is in Bedfordshire but Kirkwood would identify; Woburn = is also=20 in Bedfordshire and is a prime candidate to house the elands]. These = animals ate=20 a commercial horse pellet that did not have ruminant protein though bad = feed was=20 present on the premises before the births.=20

An adult female, Daphne, born on 18 April 1988, died on 18 Aug 90 = with=20 symptoms very similar to the 3 confirmed cases but brain tissue was = discarded=20 without study. This animal might have acquired the disease from feed and = passed=20 it horizontally to the others. The elends were also in contact with = elephants,=20 rhinos, ankole cows [not the one dying elsewhere of TSE, as per Stanley = Kilby],=20 and zebra. Lions and tigers on the premises were fed whole cattle heads = up to=20 Aug 88 and then split cattle heads with CNS material removed at the = knacker's=20 yard. The authors speculate that material dripping from the meat truck = as it=20 crossed the eland enclosure could have contaminated the environment. = This zoo is=20 a prime candidate for later tiger and lion cases.=20

Astonishingly, 2 cases of feline TSE are said by Hosegood to have = occurred at=20 this facility in semi-feral cats that scavenged the meat room, = euthanized in Jan=20 91 and Jan 92, with ataxia and other signs consistent with FSE according = to=20 Martin Hosegood.=20

Dates on these 3 elands:

Molly female born 14 Jan 89, died 9 Apr =
91 at 27 months.
Neddy male born 10 Jan 89, died 25 May 91 at 28 months.
Electra female born 12 Jan 90, died 253 Jan 92 at 24 months.
[Daphne female born 18 Apr 88, died  18 Aug 90 at 28 months]

The MAFF help desk responded on 27 May 99 to a query about the = fifth and=20 sixth elands. One was born in December, 1991 and was euthanized in June = of 1994=20 at the age of 30 months; the other was born in January of 1993 and died = in=20 August of 1995 at 32 months.=20

Cases of BSE in domestic cattle in zoos, including the first case in = an=20 ankole cow [Stanley Kilby], are not pursued further here. White tigers = at the=20 Bristol Zoo are excluded here because of lack of transmission but see below.=20

TSE in moufflon, Ovis musimon, are arbitrarily considered scrapie=20 (considering how easily BSE passes to sheep orally); at least 2 British = zoos are=20 involved (Wood JLN, Lund IJ, and Done, S Vet Record 130: 25 1992, see below]. = However=20 the sheep were pastured (with Soay sheep) and not fed rendered protein = according=20 to the article, which does not identify the zoos (or even acknowledge = that they=20 are zoos).=20

Kirkwood in some papers does include the 3 German ostriches reported = to have=20 a spongiform encephalopathy, noting they had been fed downer cattle. = Dealler=20 writes this site on 20 Apr 99 saying, "The ostriches in Hamburg zoo = really did=20 have an infectious form as prions could be shown in the brain tissue: = again this=20 has not been published by the various groups in Germany that were = involved."=20 Schaetzl sent this site the ostrich prion sequence; the species barrier = would=20 not be all that formidable because of the invariance of positions = 102-126, the=20 key amyloid domain.=20

On the other hand, Roland Heynkes wrote saying he had spoken at = length in=20 1997 with the primary pathologists in Germany who said the SE was not a = prion=20 disease. And Gibbs writes on 25 Apr 99 saying,=20

"As to the ostrich situtation. When in Berlin several years = ago=20 with Hino Diringer I was asked to look at sections of Ostrich brain = that=20 reportedly was being diagnosed as spongiform encephalopathy. As I = recall this=20 was archived material. I looked at the brain sections anad although = there were=20 vacuoles in the brain it did not present as the type of spongiform=20 encephalopathy I relate to the TSE's. Diringer gave me a small amount = of=20 homogenate of the brain which I inoculated in to squirrel monkeys. One = animal=20 was held for 6 years and the other for 4 years before dying of = intercurrent=20 infections. Neither pathology nor PrPres was detected in their brains. = I do=20 not have any of the ostrich brain homogenate left but might be able to = find=20 the monkey brains if any are left. "

Further details are given on the gemsbok born 18 Jun 83 at Marwell = which died=20 8 June 87 at 48 months. It was fed the same ruminant derived rations as = the=20 nyala. The authors are very confused in this article (but not in others) = about=20 the onset of BSE, not realizing that the first cases in cattle occurring = in=20 April 1984 implied that the rations had long been contaminated. The = gemsbok was=20 died at a time the group numbered 13. Its only calf died on the day it = was born,=20 6 Jan 87. The gemsbok's mother had 6 further calves between 1984 and = 1991 before=20 it was euthanized for "old age" with no CNS study nor tissue saved. The = calves=20 have not been tracked but are very high risk animals.=20

Morbidity in captive white tigers

Kelly DF, Pearson H, Wright AI, =
Greenham LW=20
The Comparative Pathology of Animals" editors RJ Montah, G Magaki=20
Washington DC Smithsonian Institution Press 1980 pg 183-188

The white tigers that died with spongiform encephalopathy at the=20 Bristol Zoo from 1970 to 1977 are not considered in Kirkland's s = review=20 because the condition was not transmittable. However those cases need to = be=20 revisited with immunohistochemistry and capillary electrophoresis in = both tiger=20 and recipient brains. In one scenario, these tigers could establish that = the BSE=20 epidemic had been present at low levels far earlier than ever envisioned = (1960's) and had simply been amplified to epidemic levels by a later = change in=20 rendering conditions. These tigers would have been fed split spinal = cords and=20 the like -- very high risk unpooled material -- possibly several times a = week=20 for years on end, thus sampling thousands of spinal cords. Since = nothing=20 has been released on 2 confirmed tiger cases in the mid 1990's, family = or zoo or=20 enclosure connections cannot be ascertained until the British release = more=20 information.=20

In fact, that may be the very reason that nothing was ever = published=20 on the later tiger two cases, one of which was in 1995: these later = tigers may=20 also have been white tigers or tigers which had been in Bristol Zoo = enclosure.=20

The paper itself describes spongiform encephalopathy or gliosis or = both in=20 the brains of 4 white tigers out of 6 that died with similar behavioral = and=20 clinical signs including weight loss, weak unsteady gait (especially in = the hind=20 limbs), could not stand without support, head-pressing, constant = roaring,=20 periods of unusual aggressiveness and unwillingness to leave the = sleeping den..=20 The course of illness averaged 3 months to death. All of the animals are = associated with the Bristol Zoo. Liver problems were also observed. = Feeding=20 practises are not disclosed.=20

Champak, born mar 62, died Jun7 0
Sarala, born May 68, died Oct 71
Sushita, born May 68, died Sep 72
Akbar, born May 68, died Dec 72
Seeta, born May 70, died Feb 73 in New Delhi after Oct 72 export
Shubhra, born May 70, died Sept 77

The Bristol Zoo purchased tweo 15-month old tigers, Champak and = Chemeli in=20 June of 1963; the litters above are the second and third. There is no=20 information on the other 18 white tigers born in Bristol between 1967 = and 1976.=20 These are the offspring of the original white tiger, Mohan, captured in = 1951 by=20 the Maharaja of Rewa. Outbred with a normal tigress and then = back-crossed into a=20 daughter, Radha, resulted in the original litters. White tigers are not = albinos.=20

A pilot study of transmission by intracerebral injection into mice = from fresh=20 frozen cerebrum and cerebellum from Akbar gave statistically shortened = lifespans=20 but no overt illness. Akbar had "striking vacuolation of the neuropil in = the=20 grey and white matter and focal cerebral microgliosis. Histological = features of=20 classical encephalitis were absent.=20

Frozen sample material was sent and saved by CJ Gibbs who noted on 25 Apr 99: =

"The first I had heard of the death of these tigers was a = call=20 from the Director of the National Zoo in Washington, D.C. There had = been a=20 meeting of various zoo individuals and during the meeting a = pathologist from=20 the Bristol zoo presented data on the death of white tigers in his zoo = and=20 described then as having spongiform encephalopathy. Hearsay remarks = were made=20 to indicate that other white tigers of the same family living on a = private=20 estate in India had died manifesting a similar clinical syndrome. = Bristol zoo=20 may have records about the history of these tigers. It is amazing to = me that=20 when I brought this issue up at a meeting I held at the CVL shortly = after the=20 outbreak of BSE, the door was closed on any further acquisition = of=20 white tiger material including slides."=20
Subsequently the Bristol pathologist sent me some frozen tissues = which I=20 inoculated into squireel and capuchin monkeys and which I used to try = to=20 extract prion protein. We were not able to identify the abnormal = isoform of=20 the prion protein nor were we able to transmitt disease to squirrel = monkeys or=20 to capuchin monkeys. In addition a limited number of mice and hamsters = were=20 also inoculated at the same time and these remained on for two years = before=20 being killed and their brains examined for pathological lesions of = spongiform=20 encephalopathy and for the presence of PrPres. All tessts were = negative.=20
The squirrel monkeys were kept under observation (one for 19 years = and=20 another is still in our colony- now 20 years); the inoculated capuchin = monkeys=20 were held under observation (one for 9 years and the other for 4 = years) before=20 dying of intercurrent infections. All three primates were carefully = examined=20 neuropathologicaly and for extraction of PrP. All three were negative. =
We did not try immunocytochemistry. There is still a piece of = cerebellum=20 from one of the tigers but this was received frozen and remains = at -80C=20 (.the morphology will be bad.)"

Katherine O'Rourke at = WSU notes=20 that "because histology was done on the tigers, there must have been = formalin=20 fixed tissues. Since pathologists rarely discard paraffin blocks of = tissue,=20 these samples are probably still available. The most efficient way to = get IHC=20 done would be to contact Dr.=20 Wells in the UK. He has been immunostaining with one of our = antibodies which=20 is predicted to bind the conserved epitope on the feline PrP and = probably has=20 access to antibody 3F4. He would have access to FSE tissues from = domestic cats=20 for positive controls."=20

The Bristol = Zoo is=20 located in Clifton, Bristol, UK, Tel: 0044-1179-706-176 or 0117 973 = 8951, fax:=20 0044-1179-736-814. Geoffrey Greed is director of IUCN programs; J. Bryan = Carroll=20 is Operations Manager, EEP coordinator for Pithecia pithecia = (white-faced saki),=20 and E.E.P. Studbook keeper for Rachypithecus auratus auratus (Javan leaf = monkey/lutung ); Darren A. Webste is EEP studbook keeper for Alouatta = caraya=20 (black howler monkey). No emails are provided other than Stephen = Woollard at=20 awards@bristolzoo.org.uk or fundraising@bristolzoo.org.uk.=20

Bristol Zoo Gardens today participates in a total of 82 Conservation = Breeding=20 Programmes, of which 30 are for mammals (the zoo has 322 animals of 91 = species).=20 "Caring for animals is very expensive. Each year the Zoo spends = approximately=20 =A3100,000 on food, =A390,000 on gas and electricity, =A350,000 on water = and =A350,000=20 on other items such as veterinary fees, cleaning and transport. "=20

Ironically, the zoo offers a play, The Last Tyger in July 1999 = described as, " The Travelling Light Theatre present a richly textured, = vibrant=20 and colourful story about the world's last = tiger,=20 lost in an urban jungle, and the two city children who find her and = decide to=20 set her free. 'Marvellously imaginative' The Stage 'Far too good to = miss' Time=20 Out."=20

Spongiform encephalopathy in a captive puma

Vet Rec. 1992 =
Nov 7;131(19):431-4.=20
Willoughby K, Kelly DF, Lyon DG, Wells GAH
Liverpool Field station South Wirral, Liverpool, Gatehouse Vet =
Hospital-Lavister-Rossett-Wrexham, CVL

The animal here is a 5 year old puma born and raised at a zoo "in = the=20 north of England" that lived alone after 10 months. Now DG Lyon = previously=20 investigated anthrax at the Chester Zoo; South Wirral is about 12 miles = NW of=20 Chester; and Wrexham is about 12 miles SSW of Chester, a town itself = just south=20 of Liverpool. The Chester = Zoo=20 itself is officially called the North of England Zoological Society; its = director Dr. Gordon Reid, Tel:0044-1244-380280 might be able to confirm = this=20 case. One other felid, an ocelot, has been confirmed at Chester.=20

The Chester Zoo is the UK's largest zoo covering 110 acres and = includes=20 around 11 miles of pathways. The zoo is run to support and promote = conservation,=20 by breeding rare and threatened animals, with the following co-operative = re-introduction programmes completed, in progress or planned by April = 1999.

P=CBre David's Deer=20
*Scimitar-Horned Oryx=20
Onager (wild ass)=20
Przewalski's Horse=20
Cotton-topped Tamarin=20
Black and White Ruffed Lemur=20
American Bison=20
*Cheetah
Chimpanzee=20
Bornean Orangutan
Sumatran Orangutan

*These animals have acquired TSEs at various zoos.=20

The mother of the puma had been born into the same zoo and the = father=20 imported; these died of "non-neurological diseases" but were not = autopsied. A=20 cheetah "born in the south of England" mentioned later in the Addendum = can be=20 identified as Marwell based on its export to the Pearle Coast Zoo.=20

The puma at Chester was given cattle carcasses deemed unfit for human = consumption and split spinal columns but = rarely offal=20 and never cattle heads. All the cattle material came from a single = supplier [not=20 identified]. The puma also ate cull meat from 2 elands* born 2 years = earlier at=20 the zoo but never sheep or goat and commercially prepared cattle food = (ie=20 rations intended for dairy cattle).=20

Onset of symptoms occured in April 1991 and the animal was put down 6 = weeks=20 later, with a postmortem within 3 hours and intensive prion deposits. = The MAFF=20 site states that 3 pumas had died in England of TSE; other zoos involved = remain=20 undisclosed and no studies have ever been published.=20

Experimental infection of mink with BSE

J Gen Virol 1994 =
Sep;75 ( Pt 9):2151-5
Robinson MM, Hadlow WJ, Huff TP, Wells GA, Dawson M, Marsh RF, Gorham JR

Mink were inoculated with bovine brain homogenates from cows = affected with=20 BSE, both intracerebrallyand orally. Signs of neurological disease = appeared in=20 mink an average of 12 months after intracerebral inoculation and 15 = months after=20 feeding. Decreased appetite, lethargy and mild to moderate pelvic limb = ataxia=20 were the predominant clinical signs, quite unlike the classic clinical = picture=20 of transmissible mink encephalopathy. Although resembling TME, the=20 encephalopathy was distinguishable from it by less extensive changes in = the=20 cerebral cortex, by more severe changes in the caudal brainstem and by = sparing=20 of the hippocampus.=20

How many house cats really got = TSE?

20 Apr 99=20 Contact webmaster with = additions or=20 corrections. fax 541-484-0669 US=20

FSE in a cat in Norway

Vet Rec. 1995 Mar 18 136(3) 444
Bratberg, B, Ueland K, GAH Wells

A 6 year old cat near Oslo, Norway was confirmed. Onset (ataxia of = gait)=20 to euthanasia took 4 weeks. Extensive prion immunostaining found with = monoclonal=20 3F4. The cat had been fed several imported commercial dry cat food = products. The=20 article does not give the brands of cat food nor the name of the = Norwegian=20 distributor nor the country of origin of the imported food. The cat = itself had=20 no connection to the UK.=20

Feline spongiform encepalopathy: fibril and PrP studies

Vet =
Record 131: 307-310  3 Oct 1992
Pearson GR, Wyatt JM, Gruffydd-Jones, Hope J, Chong A, Higgins RJ, =
Scott, AC, Wells GAH

They looked at 18 cats, 13 of which had been referred with = clinical signs=20 potentially indicative of FSE. Of these 13, 5 had FSE histopathology, = Prp-res,=20 and prion fibrils; 5 had irrelevent CNS lesions (though one with = confirmed=20 meningioma also had Prp-res and fibrils), and 3 had normal histology = (though one=20 of these also had prion fibrils). The 5 remaining cats had no clinical = signs nor=20 problems on histology and were used as controls. However, one of these = had prion=20 fibrils (ie, 20% of the controls).=20

Thus the authors found 3 of 18 cats (17%) with preclinical disease (including the one = undiagnosable from=20 clinical signs and histology). Discounting the clinical FSE cases, 3 of = 13 cats=20 is 23%. The control cats had been referred to the Bristol veterinary = school for=20 reasons not spelled out but those reasons did not include any type of = clinical=20 neurological sign. These cats were in a ":similar age range" as the = others [ but=20 see below]. Taken at face value, roughly 20% of the cats in the Bristol = area in=20 1992 were incubating the disease in 1992. If England had 7 million cats = in that=20 year and if Bristol was typical, this pencils out to 1,400,000 cases = pending in=20 that year.=20

The cats with overt BSE were 4, 5, 5, 6, and 12 years old (average: = 6.4);=20 three had been described previously by Wyatt. The FSE cat with = meningioma was 9=20 years; the FSE cat with neurological sign without CNS pathology was 2. = Table 1=20 shows that several of the cats without prion disease but presenting with = neurological problems were significantly younger, 1, 1, 2, 2, 6, 7 (ave: = 3.1).=20 Some of these cats may have tested positive had they lived to comparable = ages.=20 The negative control cats were 9 weeks, 6 months, 1 year, and 5 years = (ave: 1.5=20 years) whereas the positive control cat was 17 years.=20

The authors never pursued this line of inquiry, nor did anyone else. = It would=20 have been a simple matter to go down the the pound and obtain 100 random = cat=20 brains. However, as with cows, sheep, people, and zoo animals, no one = really=20 wanted to know how many were incubating BSE. The authors cite an earlier = study=20 by Ikegama et al in experimental sheep wherein 3 of 17 preclinical = animals had=20 PrP-res in lymph nodes [Vet Record 128: 271 1991], but it has never been = politically correct to look for preclinical TSE in any species other = than sheep=20 and rodents. The finding of preclinical disease in a small sample of = control=20 cats strongly suggests that the overall BSE epidemic in cats was = vastly=20 greater than the British have ever stated.=20

How many cats died from the disease and how many are still incubating = FSE=20 today is unknown. The MAFF statistics page is a joke -- where are the = control=20 animals?=20

Do infected cats pass the disease horizontally to other cats or to = their=20 owners? This remains unknown; the case in Italy heightens concerns. = Question 6=20 of the official CJD Surveillance Questionaire asks families whether the = nvCJD=20 victim shared a home with cats (or dogs or ferrets) since 1980 and in = Question 5=20 whether the subject has ever eaten pet food.=20

Spongiform encephalopathy in a Scottish cat.

Vet Rec. 1991 =
Oct 5;129(14):320
Synge BA, et al. =20

Cat had been fed tinned beef, no sheep products. Onset at 4 years, = euthanized 9 weeks later. 20th case, first in Scotland.=20

Naturally occurring scrapie-like SE in five domestic = cats

Vet Rec 1991 Sep 14;129(11):233-6=20
Wyatt JM, Pearson GR, Smerdon, TJ et al.

This summarizes clinical information for 5 cats with FSE:

cat =
1, age 5,  from Avon, five cat householdhad onset in Dec 89, was =
staggering by Jan 90,  was euthanized in April.
cat 2 , age 8, from Gloucestershire, one cat household, excessive =
salivation  in Feb 90; euthanized 10 weeks later.
cat 3, age 12, from Glamorgan, onset in Apr 90, euthanized in June 90.
cat 4, age 8, from Somerset,  one dog household, onset Apr 90;  =
euthanized in June 90..
cat 5, age 5, from Warwickshire, cat and dog household, onset Apr 90; =
euthanized in July 90.

The authors discuss an incident in 4 of 6 tigers of spongiform = changes=20 and/or gliosis in tigers from the Bristol zoo in 1980 in which TSE was=20 suspected. Transmission was attempted by CJ Gibbs and DF Kelly in mice, = squirrel=20 monkeys, capuchin monkeys, guinea pigs and domestic cats using brain = tissue from=20 one of the tigers. No transmission was seen; however experimental = details were=20 never published, though page 183 in a textbook alludes to this, Kelly = DF,=20 Pearson H, Wright AI, Greenham LW, 'The comparative pathology of zoo = animals,=20 Smithsonian Institutional Press, p 183 (1980), Montali and Migaki, = editors.=20

Feline spongiform encephalopathy.

Vet Rec. 1991 Jun =
1;128(22):532.
Pearson GR, et al. =20

Brief letter. Bristol alone has seen 7 cases of mad cats. = Announces prion=20 detection, details to be published in a few months.=20

A spongiform encephalopathy in a cat.

Vet Rec 1990 Dec =
15;127(24):586-8=20
Leggett MM, Dukes J, Pirie HM

A 7.5 year old cat from Leicestershire was confirmed. It had been = fed=20 proprietary canned food, occasionally supplemented with dry cat food, = and had=20 never been boarded. Onset of symptoms was Jan 90; in Apr 90 the cat was = afraid=20 to go out and had developed gait abnormalities reminiscent of cows with = BSE; it=20 was euthanized around 1 May 90 and confirmed as SE. No plaques were = found.=20

This was the 4th case in cats. [Cite: Anon, Vet Record 127 7 1990]. = The=20 authors think the cat will be a 'dead end = host,'=20 mysteriously citing mink TSE which is certainly infectious to numberous = species=20 and ignoring conclusions about horizontal transmission in deer (though = citing=20 Williams et al.). The Pet Food Manufacturer's Association is said to = have=20 stopped using suspect offal before the bovine ban for human consumption, = citing=20 an anecdote of Meldrin.=20

Spongiform encephalopathy in a cat.

Vet Rec. 1990 May = 19;126(20):513=20 Wyatt JM, Pearson GR, Smerdon T, et al.

A routine referral = from a veterinary surgeon [date not provided] to=20 the Bristol veterinary school turned out to be a 5 yr old male siamese = cat with=20 ataxia and other symptoms of FSE. Autopsy established the diagnosis of = the first=20 prion disease in felids. The animal may be presumed to have eaten = BSE-tainted=20 cat food. The date of death and date of submission of the article are = not=20 provided. It is possible that substantial delays in reporting occurred.=20

Keith Meldron, CVO of England, was given comment space in this same = issue. He=20 says "nor is there any known connection with the other animal = encephalopathies"=20 and requests details of any further confirmed cases be sent to the MAFF=20 divisional officer.=20

Horizontal transmission shown in kudu

18 = April 99.=20 Contact webmasterwith = additions or=20 corrections. fax 541-484-0669 US

Spongiform encephalopathy in a greater kudu introduced into an = affected=20 group

Vet Rec 1994 Feb 12;134(7):167-8=20
Kirkwood JK, Cunningham AA, Austin AR, Wells GA, Sainsbury AW

Two female kudus born at Marwell Zoological Park were transferred = to the=20 London Zoo Regent Park on 14 Aug 90. On 22 Nov 92, some 27 months after = the=20 transfer, the kudu born on 5 Aug 89 [an animal named 324/90, name = deleted here]=20 was euthanized 8 weeks after onset of clinical symptoms (unusually long=20 duration) at age 39 months. No TSE in kudu had been described at Marwell = to this=20 date; the father of the kudu was still alive in Feb 93 and the mother = (born 2=20 Nov 82) had died of reticuloperitinitis (no neuro-autopsy done or = material=20 saved) sometime after Aug 89. The affected female was born 13 months = after the=20 1988 ban on ruminant-derived protein in ruminant feeds, plus Marwell had = stopped=20 this practise even earlier in March of 1997. The London zoo had stopped = feeding=20 this material years before the kudu arrived; ruminant protein stocks are = not be=20 kept in inventory for more than 2 months by this zoo. The second Marwell = kudu=20 was alive in Feb 94. This animal was exposed horizontally both at = Marwell and=20 London and by feed at Marwell so must be considered extremely high risk. =

Marwell had previously reported TSE in nyala, gemsbok, and cheetah = but the=20 affected kudu had never been in contact with these. The ruminants, = including the=20 mother of the affected kudu, had been fed rendered bovine protein during = the=20 period Mar 86-Mar 87. Yhe cheetah had been fed split spinal chord.=20

At London, the new kudu were housed with other kudu, two=20 of which subsequently developed TSE. (These were Karla, who died = 4 months=20 after the introduction as the offspring of the affected mother Linda, = and a=20 second animal born 12 days after the arrival, who died in Feb 92 at 18 = months of=20 age with asymptomatic confirmed TSE.) The kudu here had no contact with=20 placental material from this birth nor with ungulates outside this herd. =

The kudu described here cannot have acquired = its disease=20 from feed either at Marwell or London. Both zoos had ceased = feeding=20 suspect material 2 or more years before its birth and feed stocks were = kept at=20 most 2 months. Maternal transmission is plausible given the timely = exposure of=20 the mother; horizontal transmission is equally plausible given 2 = subsequent=20 cases in the herd and an adequate 27 post-arrival incubation period = during which=20 Karla was incubating disease. Just as with scrapie, these two scenarios = are very=20 difficult to distinguish. This was the 6th and last case of TSE reported = in=20 kudu; all were at the London zoo. There are no numbers here for the = total=20 numbers of kudus kept in British zoos (nor any reports of negative = autopsies=20 from other zoos).=20

Spongiform encephalopathy in a herd of greater kudu: epidemiological = observations

Vet Rec. 1993 Oct 9;133(15):360-364.=20
Kirkwood JK, et al.

This is the kudu geneology paper, the only one of its kind, = suppling a=20 crude database of this zoo's kudus and their disposition. It addresses a = small=20 herd derived from 3 individuals, maintained at the London Zoo since = 1970. 5 of 8=20 animals born since 1987 succumbed to TSE; with at least 4 it is certain = that=20 they were not exposed to rendered feed. The authors conclude the disease = "has=20 spread among them either by transmission between individuals or through=20 contamination of the environment." This result is very similar to the = American=20 experience with CWD.=20

Koo, male, West African import of 1967
Doo, female, Denmark zoo import 1969
Chester, male, Chester zoo import 1982 born in Munich Zoo in 1975, died =
30 Apr 84, brain discarded.
Diana, born 1980, exposed to MBM, still alive in Dec 92.
Steph, born 1984, exposed to MBM, died 1 Feb 91 of hepatopathy, =
negative light microscopy, brain discarded.
Kaz, male born 14 May 88, culled 6 Jun 91 at age =
37 months.
Bambi, male born 29Oct 88, culled in good health =
on 29 Oct 91 at 36 months.Preclinical TSE
346/90, male born 26 Aug 90, culled 26 Feb 92 at =
18 months. Preclinical TSE
Frances, born 28 July 85, died with TSE symptoms =
17 Nov 87, brain discarded without examination.
Linda, index case, born 11 Feb 87, died 18 Aug 89 =
at 30 months, dam of Karla, transmitted to mice.
Karla, born 19 Apr 88 died 13 Nov 90 at 19 =
months.
324/90, born unknown zoo 5 Aug 89, transferred to =
LZ at 27 months, died 22 Nov 92 at 39 months
female 1, imported from Marwell in 1990.
female 2, imported from Marwell in 1990.
2 kudu exported to Marwell in 1975-76.
1 kudu exported to Chester zoo in 1980.
1 kudu exported to Cotswold Wildlife Park in 1982.
1 kudu exported to Rotterdam Zoo in 1982.
3 kudu exported to Whipsnade Wild Animal Park in 1987 (Jaime) and 1990 =
(Kaz and Bambi), latter 2 died there.
Jaime, born 1984, later reimported from Whipsnade in 1989, died 25 Jan =
90, negative light microscopy, brain discarded.
Sandra, born to herd, euthanized at 12 months with hip problem, brain =
discarded without examination.
273/91, born to herd 9 Sep 91, in good health on 16 Dec 92.
276/91, born to herd 7 Sep 91, in good health on 16 Dec 92.
Nick, born early 1986, died 24 Sep 88, brain discarded.

Other kudu in figures 1-2 cannot be identified further.

The animals occupied throughout in a single ungulate facility, Cotton = Terraces, with an outdoor padock and three indoor dens exclusive to kudu = for=20 over 10 years. While MBM was replaced by fish meal in Feb 87 for all = ungulates,=20 MBM continued to be used on zoo premises until June of 1988.=20

One kudu, the infected but asymptomatic Bambi, was had reared with = cattle=20 colostrum and then proprietary sheep milk-replacer. Since 1986, all = animals=20 received a serovaccine against E. coli containing hyperimmune antisera = prepared=20 in cattle. However, no cases of BSE occurred within these cattle (pers. = comm.=20 from manufacturer).=20

Of 13 kudu that died since 1982, at least three = may have=20 had TSE based on clinical signs alone (brains were discarded or = just look=20 at with light microscopy). The most conspicuous of these was Fran (same = mother=20 as Linda) who died on 17 Nov 87. Diana was the mother or grandmother of = all the=20 affected kudu. The prion sequence from kudu was determined but never = posted to=20 GenBank by Poidinger et al; the animal is not named; the sequence seems = normal.=20

Kirkwood's = Inquiry=20 statement: of 11 Dec 98=20

"A very cautious approach was taken and the keeper staff = used=20 separate tools for cleaning out the kudu dens and paddocks, changed = overalls=20 and boots, used latex gloves, and, for a period until it seemed (for = reasons=20 mentioned below) less likely that the situation in kudu differed from = that in=20 cattle, collected wastes for incineration. Management practices were = reviewed=20 again in March 1996 when it was announced that cases of new variant = CJD had=20 occurred which might be related to the BSE agent. In order to pre-empt = any=20 public concern that might follow this announcement, the walkways past = the kudu=20 paddock were closed to the public. No cases have occurred in the kudu = group=20 since 1992. "=20
"During the period we also collated information on cases of SE that = occurred in wild animals at or from other zoos in the British Isles. = The total=20 number of cases of which I was aware in June = 1996,=20 when I presented a review on occurrence of spongiform encephalopathies = in zoo=20 animals (at the Royal College of Pathologists=BC Symposium on = Transmitting=20 prions: BSE, CJD, and other TSEs, The Royal Society, London, 4th July = 1996),=20 was 25, involving 10 species. The animals involved were all from the = families=20 Bovidae and Felidae, and comprised: 1 Nyala Tragelaphus angasi, 5 = Eland=20 Taurotragus oryx, 6 greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, 1 Gemsbok = Oryx=20 gazella, 1 Arabian oryx Oryx leucoryx, 1 Scimitar-horned oryx Oryx = dammah, 4=20 Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus, 3 Puma Felis concolor 2 Ocelot Felis = pardalis, and 1=20 Tiger Panthera tigris. Since the time the above statistics were = published,=20 there has also been a case in a bison."

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in greater kudu

Vet =
Rec. 1993 Jan 16;132(3):68.
Cunningham AA,Wells GAH, Scott AC, Kirkwood, JK, Barnett JEF =20

This was a brief but important paper from the London zoo group, = the only=20 zoo actively researching TSEs and admitting to having it on the premises = (but=20 see Inquiry excerpts). Here they discuss 3 new kudu cases in animals = that never received animal protein rations during = their=20 lifetimes. Two of these animals were superfluous males and had no = clinical=20 symptoms at the time of euthanasia. However both were=20 positive upon prion immunostaining.=20

The first animal was a male named Kaz [name not provided in paper] = born in=20 May, 1988, 8 weeks before the ban on feeding of ruminant derived protein = to=20 ruminants. However, the London zoo had taken this step 15 months = earlier, in=20 February, 1987, going to fish meal. Clinical onset was at 37 months, in = June=20 1991, progression was rapid, and euthanasia took place the following = day.=20 Publication took an additional 18 months.=20

The second new kudu was a male named Bambi [name not provided in = paper] born=20 in Oct 1988 and culled in good health at 36 months (Oct 1991). It had = had=20 contact with an earlier TSE kudu (Karla) and was not considered suitable = for=20 breeding.=20

The third kudu was similar: a male named 346/90 [name not provided in = paper]=20 born in August 1990 and culled in good health in Feb 1992 at 18 months. = (Only=20 one male kudu can be kept in small-enclosure herd.) This is not an = instance of=20 early onset because the animal was silently incubating the disease (ie, = still=20 preclinical).=20

The authors tentatively conclude that kudus have horizontal = transmission=20 (vertical is ruled out in a later paper). They note that further study = many=20 "provide important information for conservation programmes involving the = breeding of zoo animals which may have been exposed to infection."=20

Scrapie-like encephalopathy in a greater kudu which had not been fed = ruminant-derived protein

Vet Rec 1992 Apr 25;130(17):365-7=20
Kirkwood JK, Wells GA, Cunningham AA, Jackson SI, Scott AC, Dawson M, =
Wilesmith JW

The calf, Karla (born 19 Apr 89) of a previously described kudu, = Linda=20 (born 12 Feb 87) died at 19 months with 12 hours of clinical onset. This = animal=20 was not exposed to ruminant-derived protein, not simply because of being = born 9=20 months after a statuatory ban and 26 months after the zoo switched away = cattle=20 or sheep products, but because:=20

"Food purchase, storage, and utilisation practices at the zoo result = in the=20 retention of each feed abtch for a maximum of two months. After = the=20 modification in Feb 87 the diet of the greater kudu remainied unaltered; = it=20 dcontained a vitamen E supplement which included fish meal,=20 but no other animal protein."=20

The animal was part of a group of 6 kudu that had limited indirect = contact=20 with roan antelope, sable antelope and bontebok kept in othr dens in the = same=20 house and in the paddock adjacent to the kudu. There was no fence line = contact=20 with these species but a common passageway was sometimes used. These = species=20 have never been implicated in TSE; however, no neuro-autopsies are known = either.=20

The mother calved in a den separated from the other kudu. The = placenta had=20 disappeared when the den was cleaned after 48 hours. The calf was nursed = by its=20 mother until it was weaned at the mother's death from TSE on 18 Aug 89.=20

Feed is ruled out for this calf; maternal and horizonal transmission = cannot=20 be distinguished.=20

Spongiform encephalopathies in ungulates.

Vet Rec. 1991 =
Mar 30;128(13):311.
Kock R.=20

Vapid speculation about Gibson's vapid speculation on Kirkwood = paper.

Vet Rec. 1991 Feb 2;128(5):115.
Gibson PH.

Vapid speculation on Kirkwood paper to the effect that ruminant=20 differences in digestion account for the species mix and incubation time = seen=20 with TSE.=20

Spongiform encephalopathy in an arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx) and a = greater=20 kudu.

Vet Rec. 1990 Oct 27;127(17):418-20.
Kirkwood JK, et al. =20

The arabian orxy was born at the Zurich Zoo 12 Jan 86 and imported = to the=20 London Zoo RP in Oct 86. On 2 Mar 89, after 29 months in Britain at age = 38=20 months, the animal showed clinical signs and died 22 days later. This = animal=20 lived in a group of 5. It was fed commercial dairy pellet with meat and = bone=20 meal up until Feb 87 when a 13% protein supplement lacking MBM and = ruminant=20 derived protein (later identified as containing fish meal as the sole = animal=20 protein) was substituted. It had one calf in 1988 that was exported to = Saudia=20 Arabia and killed there by incompetent keepers through excessive = nutrient intake=20 shortly after arrival on 18 Aug 89 and never examined. Kirkwood stated = at the=20 Inquiry that it was retrospective examination of the brain of the = Arabian oryx=20 that had died 5 months earlier, indicating brain material had been = saved.=20

On 15 Aug 89, a 30 month old kudu named Linda born on 11 Feb 87 and = kept at=20 London developed ataxia. It died 3 days later on 18 Aug 89. A calf named = Karla,=20 born 19 Apr 89 was well at the time of this article but died at 19 = months on 13=20 Nov 90 [see 1992 article]. How did this kudu acquire TSE if the zoo had = already=20 switched feed in the month of its birth? (The actual date of feed = switching was=20 astonishingly not recorded by the zoo and the authors later note that = this=20 animal may have been occasionally exposed to MBM on the premises though = fish=20 meal was the only animal protein used for ungulates.) The mother of this = kudu,=20 Diana, was still healthy in Dec 92. The authors state that 'other' kudus = had=20 died at this zoo in the 1985-89 period. One of these, a 2 year old = female, Fran,=20 who died on 17 Nov 87 at 28 months with symptoms strongly resembling = TSE; this=20 gives chronological paddock overlap. This animal was discarded without=20 neurological examination. Fran is the likliest source of Linda's TSE = under=20 horizontal transmission. Fran had no calves.=20

The authors state that in 1989, the London zoo had 118 artiodactyls = of 23=20 species. Other than the unexamined kudu, none of these had died with = symptoms of=20 TSE. Giraffe, gaur, lowland anoa, bongo, camel, vicuna, and llama were = also fed=20 the same MBM rations as the affected kudu and oryx. There is no further=20 accounting for these animals. Many would have died for various apparent = reasons=20 by now; they were apparently incinerated without neuro-autopsy or sample = retention. A scimitar-horned oryx, 5 elands, a bison, and ankole cow on = the MAFF=20 site remains unaccounted for among the ungulates.=20

The authors conclude that there is "a need for a rigorous = surveillance fo SE=20 in exotic ungulates and careful consideration before exporting = captive-bred=20 exotic ungulates that may have been exposed to [high-risk] feed for=20 reintroduction programs in the wild.=20

No such surveillance was ever carried out even by the London Zoo, = trafficking=20 in zoo animals continued unabated, as apparently did reintroductions to = the=20 wild.=20

Spongiform encephalopathy in an eland.

Vet Rec 1990 May =
12;126(19):489-90=20
Gibson PH

Vapid speculation subsequent to Fleetwood and Furley eland paper.=20

Antelopes die of mad cow disease.

Nature. 1990 Mar =
15;344(6263):183 N&V
Aldhous P.

This news story cites James Kirkwood, senior veterinary officer at = the=20 London zoo, where an Arabian oryx [Oryx leucoryx] and kudu [Tragelaphus=20 strepsiceros] died in 1989, as saying 'conservationists will have to = wait to=20 assess the impact of the outbreak on endangered species." London zoo = officials=20 have written to other British zoos suggeting that "careful = considderation"=20 should be given before animals at risk are exported for foreign zoos or = for=20 reintroduction programs. The London zoo circular [not obtainable yet] = says that=20 any ungulate fed proprietary meal between 1980 and 1989 may be affected. =

The article breifly mentions the nyala and gemsbok [Oryx gazella] at = Marwell=20 Zoo near Winchester and an eland at Port Lympne Zoo in Kent. [This zoo = has never=20 been mentioned in print other than in this Nature comment piece. 6 = elands had=20 died of BSE according to the Maff site by April, 1990; it has not been = disclosed=20 whether all of these were from Port Lympne. Kent experienced high = initital nvCJD=20 counts and one rendering plant was pumping BSE rendering waste into the=20 groundwater] Geoff Holmes, at Itchen Abbas Maff facility expresses = further=20 concerns here about maternal transmission in zoo animals.=20

Spongiform encephalopathy in an eland.

Vet Rec 1990 Apr =
21;126(16):408-9=20
Fleetwood AJ, Furley CW

A female eland [Traurotragus oryx], bred and born 6 Apr 87 on zoo = premises=20 [not disclosed in article but the Port Lympne Zoo in Kent], three months = pregnant, showed clinical signs on 12 Dec 89 and was dead on 20 Dec 89 = at 32=20 months of age. This was the third zoo animal and first of 6 elands. It = has not=20 been disclosed where the other 5 elands were located. This eland was = part of a=20 small family group that had been "fed an ungulate ration containing = procesed=20 animal protein from calfhood to June 1988" and had had no contact with = sheep or=20 goats.=20

Andrew Fleetwood gave a statement to the = BSE Inquiry=20 on 15 Sept 98 describing the pathetic state = of the=20 supposed feed ban and noting:=20

"In December 1989, I investigated the appearance of neurological = signs in an=20 eland resident at a local zoo. A diagnosis of spongiform encephalophy = was made,=20 and the case reported in the Veterinary Record (J/VR/126/408). I used = the=20 general test for scrapie on the basis that the disease was uncertain and = a=20 broader spectrum of test was suitable (rather than the specific, = although=20 quicker, test for BSE). "=20

Spongiform encephalopathy in a nyala (Tragelaphus = angasi)

Vet Pathol. 1988 Sep;25(5):398-9
Jeffrey M, Wells GA
Lasswade Veterinary Laboratory, Midlothian

This is the famous article concerning the first nyala [Tragelaphus = angasi]=20 to go down at the Marwell zoo in 1986. Chief Veterinary Officer Keith = Meldrun=20 and Bradley personally=20 interfered with to change its title, delete any dates of onset or = mention of=20 facility name, any resemblance to scrapie, and to delay its publication = by 27=20 months, as documented at the Inquiry site. On 17 November 1987 Mr = Bradley=20 minuted Dr Jeffrey noting that the title to his nyala paper was likely = to be=20 unacceptable to "senior management" for "veterinary political reasons" = (Inquiry=20 site).=20

Jeffrey is on record as saying, 'it would have been negligent to try = and=20 publish that without a reference to scrapie' and indeed that word did = get=20 mentioned 9 times in the article. However, the diet of the=20 nyala was deleted from the final article. In January 1988, J = Wilesmith=20 was told Winchester VIC (Geoff Holmes) that both the nyala and a later = gemsbok=20 (born 18 Jun 83, died 8 June 87 at 48 months) had received rations = containing=20 MBM. Holmes did the original necropsy on the nyala and made a field = visit to=20 Marwell Zoo on 21 July 1986.=20

A 33 month old nyala, born 4 Sep 83 [deleted from article and raised = at=20 Marwell Wild Animal Park [zoo deleted in article] developed hindlimb = ataxia=20 [date deleted in article] and abnormal head posture and was euthanized = after 3=20 weeks on 18 Jun 86 [deleted from article]. Findings were sufficiently = similar to=20 CWD, TME, scrapie, and CJD "to warrant a provisional diagnosis of = scrapie-like=20 disease." A "similar encephalopathy" is mentioned in domestic cattle but = BSE is=20 not mentioned by name. No antibody was used (this was June of 1986); = amyloid and=20 congo red were negative. Like in many subseuent studies, the = gastrointestinal=20 epithelia was scrupulously avoided. The incubation periods in 6 strains = of mice=20 had the same ranking and pattern as genuine BSE.=20

The nyala was infected by feed between April = 1984 and=20 June of 1986. Assuming a reasonable incubation period, the = earlier date=20 is favored. This is why the article created such an internal furor -- = the BSE=20 epidemic must have already been rampant and gone through several cycles = of=20 amplification before this animal's feed became tainted in, say, June of = 1984.=20 (The authors cite an earlier unexplained incident wherein 21 nyalas = succumbed to=20 "cardiomyopathy" in 1982.)=20

The nyala here had no direct contact with sheep or goats and its = paddock had=20 not previously been used by them (unlike Colorado's Foothill Research = Station).=20 No mink or N. American deer are kept at the facility. The nyala was = bottle-fed=20 cow milk [MBM deleted in article]. Only from later BSE Inquiry records = do we=20 learn that meal and bone meal from cattle were included in this nyala's = diet.=20 The authors exhibit good understanding of the 1982 paper of Williams et = al. in=20 which CWD is noted to have become established in the wild.=20

The nyala was part of a larger group of 5 female nyalas and their = calves. The=20 mother of this nyala (which itself was never bred) had 8 other calves = from 1985=20 to 1991; none of these were ever tested. These were kept in a paddock = adjacent=20 to 6 sub-adult males, who in turn had fenceline contact with an Arabian = oryx.=20 The subsequent history of these animals is not clear, not even if they = are still=20 alive. Marwell may have disposed of these animals without autopsy or = even=20 exported them. A gemsbok of 36 months of age was diagnosed at this same = zoo in=20 19 June 1987 by SH Done. Marwell exported in mid-1993 a cheetah born in = April=20 1991 (ie, after the Sept 90 feed ban for zoo animals) that died later of = TSE at=20 a French zoo, as well as 2 cheetahs dying at the Broome, Australia zoo = and the=20 Irish facility at Fota.=20

Related References

The natural occurrence of scrapie in moufflon.

Vet Rec 1992 =
Jan 11;130(2):25-7=20
Wood JL, Lund LJ, Done SH  {CVL Weybridge]

Six cases of scrapie were confirmed = [plus 4=20 others with scrapie symptoms] in two separately maintained flocks of = moufflon,=20 in both of which the disease appeared to be endemic. The clinical signs = and=20 histopathology were indistinguishable from those observed in = scrapie-affected=20 domesticated sheep. The pathology included lesions in the cerebral = cortex which,=20 although commonly present in scrapie-affected sheep, have not previously = been=20 described in the natural disease.=20

Kirkwood identifies both facilities as zoos, not private flocks. = Detwiler=20 also briefly mentions moufflon in Rev Sci Tech 1992 Jun;11(2):491-537. = Moufflin, a = wild=20 sheep from Corsica and Sardinia are maintained today at Besancon (15), = Dundee=20 (8), and Whipsnade (1), among many other places. The Scottish herd would = be a=20 prime candidate for one of the infected moufflon flocks. This might be = confirmed=20 by looking at the mammal inventory book published each year in Britain = by the=20 Federation of Zoological Gardens of Great Britain and Ireland.

Flock A, which varied in size to 12 animals, showed 5 scrapie-like = deaths=20 among 26 over the years, only 1 of which was confirmed by = histopathology. When=20 the flock was down to the last 2 animals, these were culled and found = negative=20 by histopathology. The flock was pastured and isolated from domestic = sheep for=20 20 years but animals were shipped back and forth from other moufflon = facilities.=20

In Flock B, 5 confirmed deaths occurred over 5 years in a flock = containing 35=20 animals in 1992. This flock was also pastured; the index case occurred = in a moufflon imported from Belgium.=20

BSE and British zoos

J Zoo Wildlife Medicine 22: 304-308 1991
Cunningham AA.

[Document on order. Rarely cited; apparently first article to = spell out=20 implications for conservation of zoo TSEs]=20

Origin and implications of bovine spongiform = encephalopathy

Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1996 Apr;211(4):306-22=20
Narang H

This is an excellent review with deep references. The abstract = mentions an=20 affected tiger but not the text body. Two further eland, 2 additional = pumas, and=20 2 more cheetahs died of TSE between the time of submission of this = article (say=20 15 Jan 96) and 15 Apr 99.=20

Interesting factoids: Switzerland had 40 cases of BSE among a dairy=20 population of 796,000 animals; scrapie was seen in 1 sheep in 1991, 2 = sheep in=20 1993, and a goat in 1993. Denmark, Falkland Islands, and Oman imported = their BSE=20 cows from England; France fed local cows imported UK MBM. Spain had 24 = million=20 sheep, mainy older, compared to 40.8 in Great Britain, mainly under 1 = year.=20 Spain reports scrapie in 30 flocks and 1 flock of goats, all from = Aragon; 32% of=20 sheep carcasses are rendered. MBM goes to pigs, poultry, and trout.=20

The author states for the US that a single case of BSE was suspected = , citing=20 a paper of RF Marsh and GR Hartsough, 'Evidence that TME results from = feeding=20 infected cattle' in Murphy, BD, Hunter DB, eds, Toronto: Canada Mink = Breeders=20 Association. Proc IV Intern Congr Fur Animal Products, pp 204-207 1988.=20

MM Robinson of USDA, Pullman, Wa., is said to have estimated the = adult cattle=20 incidence of BSE in Wisconsin at 1 per 900,000 per year, using various=20 assumption based on various TME outbreaks. The reference given is 'TSE = research=20 in the US' in Bradley R, Marchant B, editors. EEC Meeting 1993. = Brussels: Proc=20 Consultation BSE Scientific Vet Committee Commision European = Communities, pp=20 261-270, 1994. This estimate agrees with the measured incidence in = humans.=20

1994 Tyrell SEAC Report

Vet Rec. 1995 Mar 18 136(3) 254-5
Anonymous

Summarizes 1994 Tyrell SEAC Report:=20

"Control measures now in place are adequate to eliminate or reduce = any risk=20 to a ngligible level.... rhe risk from BSE to man is remote... = satisfactorily=20 protect human and animal health." The paper says no cats with FSE were = born=20 after the specified offal ban was extended to protect animals; MAFF has = not=20 released birth years of the 29 further UK cats known by April 1999.=20

The adjacent article describes a RSPCA-driven policy against using=20 wild-caught primates in experimental research (unless licence applicant = can=20 establish 'exceptional and special justification' of course)=20

Spongiform encephalopathies in zoo animals.

Vet Rec. 1994 =
Nov 12;135(20):488.comment
Benbow G. =20

[Document on order]

Vet Rec 1994 Oct 29;135(18):440  comment
Swainston J.=20

[Document on order]=20

Recently described scrapie-like encephalopathies of animals: case=20 definitions.

Research in Veterinary Science 53:1 1992
Wells GAH, McGill JS

[Document is on order. It reportedly has summary data on 6 cases = of TSE in=20 5 zoo bovid species. The abstract at Medline has the tone of a primarily = diagnostics review article.]=20

Spongiform encephalopathy in zoo ungulates: implications for = translocation=20 and reintroduction

Proceedings of the American Association of =
Zoo Veterinarians.  Oakland, California, pp 26-27 1992
Kirkwood JK, Cunningham AA

This is a 2 page sketch of a talk given at a meeting. It gives no = new=20 information but reiterates concerns about reintroductions because of = loss of=20 conservation value of the population, lack of tests and diagnosis in = living=20 animals, and variable incubation periods without overt clinical signs.=20

Spongiform encephalopathies in captive wild animals in Britain:=20 epidemiological observations

EEC Meeting 1993
Bradley R, Marchant B, editors
Brussels: Proceedings Consultation BSE Scientific Vet Committee
Commision European Communities, pp 29-48 1993
Kirkwood JK, Cunningham AA authors

[This document is not yet available. Please fax to 541-484-0669 if = you=20 have it. ]=20

[TSE in bovids]

Bradley R, Matthews D
Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'Office International des =
Epizooities 11: 605 1992

[Document on order]=20

Ultrastructural features of spongiform encephalopathy

Acta =
Neuropathol (Berl) 1992;84(5):559-69
Jeffrey M, Scott JR, Williams A, Fraser H

A paper strictly focused on histopathology of formalin fixed brain = of kudu=20 and nyala transmitted successfully to mice, as compared to authentic = fixed and=20 fresh BSE transmitted to mice. The results were very similar and = different from=20 scrapie, though no such control was used here. This supports = transmission of BSE=20 to zoo animals through feed.=20

Spongiform encephalopathy in pigs.

Done JT.  =20
Vet Rec. 1990 Nov 10;127(19):484.

The author makes a plea for veterinarians not to=20 report suspicious signs in pigs fed MBM to the district = veterinary=20 officer. Instead, they should wait for MAFF to make TSE in pigs = notifiable: "I=20 am not convinced that 'it is mportant that vetrinary surgeons should = remain=20 vigilant...'=20

MPs attack secrecy on zoo animals' BSE

Vet Rec 1990 Apr =
7;126(15):322=20
no author given

A Labour motion tabled in the Commons expresses concern over = secrecy=20 srrounding zoo animal BSE, saying this is of great concern to all = involved in=20 wildlife conservation. It urges the MAFF to act to ensure that BSE in = zoo stock=20 be made an internationally notifieable disease, to be registr3d with = WHO, IUCN,=20 and the International Union of Directors of Zoological Gardens.=20

The motion called for an immediate ban on movement of all potentially = at-risk=20 species between collections, both nationally and internationally, = pending more=20 information, and an end to secrecy.=20

GM Benbow responded to this in the 28 Apr 1990 Vet Record = 126(18):441, saying=20 as BVA representative to the National Federation of Zoological Gardens = of Grean=20 Britain, he had sent a report to all members of the FZG and all = facilities=20 keeping ungulates in May 1989> After 2 cases were confirmed at the = London=20 Zoo, further recommendations were made about the risk of exporting = animals or=20 using them for reintroduction programs. This report was also sent to all = members=20 of the FZG and all facilities keeping ungulates in early 1990. Benbow is = indignant about the alleged "secrecy" yet his British Veterinary Association = maintained tight=20 secrecy about affected zoos: not a single facility = beyond=20 the London Zoo and the associated Whipsnade and rarely Marwell is ever = named in=20 25 publications over 10 years in their flagship journal, Vet. = Record.=20

Secrecy, coupled with continuing exports, creates a very difficult = situation=20 for foreign zoos.

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Maff=20 data on 15 May 99=20
kudu	6=20
gemsbok	1=20
nyala	1=20
oryx	2=20
eland	6=20
cheetah	9=20
puma	3=20
tiger	2=20
ocelot	2=20
bison	1=20
ankole	2=20
lion	1