From: Subject: Spreading 'Mad Deer' Plague Leaves U.S. Scientists Baffled ANTONIO REGALADO / Wall Street Journal 24may02 Date: Sun, 22 Aug 2004 21:52:47 -0600 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0049_01C48892.5C76AA60"; type="text/html" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2600.0000 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0049_01C48892.5C76AA60 Content-Type: text/html; charset="Windows-1252" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.mindfully.org/Heritage/Mad-Deer-Leaves-US-WSJ24may02.htm Spreading 'Mad Deer' Plague Leaves U.S. Scientists = Baffled ANTONIO REGALADO / Wall Street Journal 24may02

Spreading 'Mad=20 Deer' Plague Leaves U.S. Scientists Baffled

ANTONIO = REGALADO /=20 Wall Street Journal 24may02

    States with CWD in captive animal=20 populations
    Areas with CWD-infected wild=20 populations
Source: Wisconsin DNR.=20

FORT COLLINS, Colo. -- There's trouble on the other side of the = chain-link=20 fences surrounding the state government's Foothills Wildlife Research = Facility.=20 The dusty pastures are ground zero for a deer-killing plague that is=20 frighteningly similar to mad-cow disease.

It was here that the condition, known as chronic wasting disease, or = CWD, was=20 first identified decades ago, and where animal-management practices may = have=20 fueled an epidemic. Now, scientists are conducting research in the pens = and=20 laboratories here in their search for ways to stop it.

They are racing against a disease that has rapidly spread across = eight states=20 and parts of Canada. The U.S. Department of Agriculture has called CWD = an=20 "emergency." In Colorado, sharpshooters, some working from helicopters, = have=20 slaughtered 10,000 deer in the past year trying to contain its spread.=20 Identified first only in captive animals, it has leapt the fences, = infecting a=20 small but growing number of the nation's more than 20 million = free-ranging=20 deer.

Fears that CWD could devastate regional hunting and tourist economies = have=20 sent states scurrying to Washington for financial aid. Last week, in=20 congressional hearings on the outbreak, Wisconsin Gov. Scott McCallum = pleaded=20 for financial assistance and declared that CWD "is threatening our way = of=20 life."

Brain tests following last fall's hunting season in Wisconsin = suggested that=20 about 3% of white-tail deer are infected in a large region straddling = two=20 counties. Those findings have generated shock waves in a state where = hunters=20 killed 446,000 deer last year, generating more than $1 billion in = economic=20 activity and countless venison dinners.

Much about the illness remains a mystery. A little-understood protein = known=20 as a "prion," a form of which is behind mad-cow disease, causes chronic = wasting=20 disease. In ways scientists don't yet fully grasp, prions enter the = brain and=20 set off a chain reaction, causing some of the brain's own proteins to = assume an=20 aberrant form. In humans, such rogue prion proteins are blamed for a = rare,=20 naturally occurring human illness called Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and = a=20 related disease linked to eating contaminated beef from "mad cows."

There's no evidence that meat from deer or elk has infected humans. = But=20 alarms have been raised recently over five unusual cases of = brain-wasting=20 disease in young people living in the U.S., and researchers are probing = the=20 cases for possible links.

One involves Doug McEwen, a 30-year-old hunter from Kaysville, Utah, = who died=20 in 1999 of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The condition is extremely rare, = and, when=20 it occurs naturally, almost always strikes late in life. An early onset = has been=20 one of the hallmarks of the disease linked to cattle. The McEwen case = caught the=20 attention of activist groups that were lobbying for stricter = surveillance in the=20 U.S. of mad-cow disease. The Center for Food Safety, a consumer watchdog = group=20 in Washington, called Mr. McEwen's case the first possible case of "mad = deer"=20 disease.

Researchers haven't been able to document a link. The Centers for = Disease=20 Control and Prevention in Atlanta studied Mr. McEwen's case and those of = two=20 other people 30 years old or younger who died of Creutzfeldt-Jakob = disease=20 between 1997 and 2000. An analysis of their brain tissue ruled out = mad-cow=20 disease as the cause. But two were hunters and one was the daughter of a = hunter,=20 and all had regularly consumed elk or deer meat. Intrigued by the = possibility=20 that wild game caused their disease, epidemiologists quizzed family = members=20 about the victims' lifestyles and eating habits. But researchers said = they found=20 "no strong evidence for a causal link" to CWD.

Mysterious Moves

Meanwhile, scientists in Fort Collins and elsewhere are conducting = federally=20 funded tests to figure out how the animals are becoming infected. In = mad-cow,=20 the disease source was traced to cattle feed containing bone meal from=20 contaminated livestock. But no one knows how CWD moves from animal to = animal.=20 One thing is clear: The infectious agents are hard to kill off. The = grounds at=20 the 35-acre Foothills facility have been dug up, disinfected and even=20 temporarily closed. Still, when the animals return, they invariably lose = weight,=20 salivate copiously, behave oddly, and die.

"We know very, very little. We don't understand the transmission, we = don't=20 understand the origin, we don't understand any of this," says Stanley = Prusiner,=20 the University of California, San Francisco neurologist who won a Nobel = Prize=20 for developing the prion hypothesis.

Chronic wasting disease has been around for at least 35 years, but = until the=20 mad-cow outbreak, it was of interest to only a handful of wildlife = biologists.=20 Elizabeth Williams was one of them. Just out of veterinary school in = 1977, she=20 learned about the trouble researchers had been having since the mid-60s = at the=20 animal research pens on the edge of Fort Collins. The deer there were = doing=20 poorly in captivity, mysteriously losing weight and dying. Biologists = suspected=20 a nutritional problem, or perhaps poisoning, and termed the syndrome = "chronic=20 wasting."

Dr. Williams soon found the problem. Peering at thin slices of the = animals'=20 brains through a microscope, she recalls seeing "a lot of lesions." The=20 sponge-like patterns of decay she found reminded her of a video she'd = seen as a=20 student about the human cannibals of Papua New Guinea. An adventurous = scientist=20 named D. Carleton Gajdusek had won a Nobel Prize for showing that the = ritual=20 acts of eating human brains were causing a rare condition, called = spongiform=20 encephalopathy, that was killing the islanders.

The deer were dying of something similar. Dr. William's = classification of CWD=20 as a spongiform disease in 1977 was a career-making finding, although = CWD=20 remained an obscure wildlife problem.

An early sign that CWD was infectious came two years later, when=20 veterinarians detected a case at another research facility in Sybille = Canyon,=20 Wyo., about 120 miles northwest of Fort Collins. That site, a jumble of = open=20 paddocks on a steep hillside, sometimes exchanged animals with the Fort = Collins=20 pens.

Two years after the Sybille case turned up, biologists diagnosed the = first=20 case in a wild animal -- a sick elk found in Rocky Mountain National = Park. It=20 may never be known for sure if the disease actually started in the Fort = Collins=20 pens, or was simply first identified there. "The pens are like = microscopes for=20 mule deer," says N.T. Hobbs, an ecologist at the Colorado State = University, who=20 now leads a major study of CWD funded by the federal government. "Just = because=20 you see something, that doesn't mean you created it."

The Foothills Wildlife Research Facility, Colorado's main center for = studying=20 diseases of wild animals, is surrounded by a double ring of = eight-foot-high=20 fencing, and none of the animals now being studied there is ever allowed = to=20 leave alive. But security wasn't always so tight. For years after Dr. = Williams's=20 findings about CWD, deer were often brought into the pens to breed, then = released back into the wild. The pens only had a single fence line then, = and=20 especially during rutting season wild bucks would come to the perimeter = to nose=20 with the females inside.

By 1985, however, it became clear that the Fort Collins pens and = Sybille=20 Canyon had become deadly reservoirs of sickness. Whatever was causing = CWD was=20 somehow loose in the dirt enclosures. That led to what Dr. Hobbs calls a = "grisly" clean-up effort at the Foothills facility. The deer, big horn = sheep and=20 other animals being studied on site were all destroyed, and six inches = of=20 topsoil hauled away. The out buildings were washed with bleach, then = left vacant=20 for over a year. But when new deer were brought to the Foothills pens, = the=20 disease came back too.

Today, both Fort Collins and Sybille Canyon are considered hopelessly = contaminated. Terry Kreeger, the Wyoming state veterinarian who lives at = Sybille=20 with his family, says when an elk or deer dies of CWD, he hauls the = carcass in=20 his pick-up truck to Dr. Williams's laboratory near Laramie. The corpse = is=20 dissected and incinerated, but few other precautions are taken. Dr. = Kreeger, for=20 instance, says he washes his truck out with a hose without worrying = about=20 putting more prions into the environment. "This horse is long out of the = barn,"=20 he shrugs.

New Way to Spread

Initially, CWD had been spreading slowly, since wildlife in the main=20 infection area of about 20,000 square miles between Fort Collins and = Laramie=20 were contained by natural barriers, such as the slopes of the Rocky = Mountains.=20 But CWD's jump from deer into local elk gave the disease an = unpredictable new=20 way to spread: via man-made transport as part of the trade in elk. In = 1996, CWD=20 turned up on a commercial elk farm on Saskatchewan, Canada. Three years = later,=20 elk-breeding operations in four U.S. states had found sick animals as = well.

At the time, commercial elk farming was booming among small ranchers = looking=20 for new income. Elk require little food or space to thrive, and ranchers = can=20 make money from their meat and antlers, which are sawed off in the = spring, then=20 ground and sold as nutritional supplements. So-called velvet antler is = exported=20 to Asia where it is considered an aphrodisiac, and is also sold in U.S. = chains=20 such as General Nutrition Centers, where it retails for about $17 an = ounce.

Since 2000, only 259 farmed elk have died or been diagnosed with CWD, = according to the North American Elk Breeders Association. This is just a = small=20 percentage of the 160,000 elk it estimates are in captivity on 2,300 = U.S. and=20 Canadian elk ranches. But the disease has an incubation period of two to = three=20 years. Since 1998, elk farmers have destroyed 4,432 elk known to be = exposed to=20 the sickness.

Some researchers speculate that the elk trade brought the disease to = wild=20 deer in Wisconsin. Discovery of those infected animals sharply escalated = CWD=20 concerns nationwide, because the new region of infection is so far from = where=20 the disease was first identified. But the truth is, nobody knows.

Scientists in Colorado and Wyoming are now urgently trying to = determine just=20 how CWD is spread, partly funded by a $2.2 million grant from the = National=20 Science Foundation. At Sybille Canyon, researchers have infected three = young=20 deer with CWD by feeding them the brains of deer that died of the = disease.=20 Blood, saliva, feces and urine collected from the animals every six = months will=20 be injected into the brains of laboratory mice to see if they cause=20 infection.

A separate set of experiments will confirm whether prions can lurk in = the=20 environment, as the team suspects. At the Fort Collins pens, Michael = Miller, a=20 Colorado Division of Wildlife biologist, has overseen the construction = of=20 isolation rooms to test different theories. In one room, two fawns are = living=20 alongside the decomposed carcass of a CWD deer. Others are being reared = in rooms=20 that previously housed animals with CWD.

The unknowns worry some consumer advocates. "I think that we have to = assume=20 the worst of CWD -- that it could be even more dangerous and costly than = mad cow=20 because of its unique ability to spread through the environment and = animal to=20 animal," says John Stauber, the author of "Mad Cow U.S.A.," a book = arguing the=20 U.S. hasn't done enough to keep bovine spongiform encephalopathy, as the = disease=20 is known formally, out of the country. "With BSE there was a feeding = loop that=20 could be shut down. Here, it seems to spread like a cold or the = flu."

Some laboratory studies suggest CWD could theoretically infect = people. Byron=20 Caughey, a prion researcher at the National Institutes of Health's Rocky = Mountain Laboratory in Hamilton, Mont., found that CWD prions could = convert=20 human prion proteins to their deadly form in a lab dish. However, the = efficiency=20 of such "conversion" was extremely low, evidence of a substantial = species=20 barrier.

So far, few steps have been taken to reduce people's exposure to CWD = prions.=20 In Colorado, where hunting and wildlife sightseeing generate nearly as = much=20 economic activity as skiing, there are no special regulations governing = how deer=20 carcasses are handled. Hunters in Fort Collins have been asked to sever = the head=20 of any deer they bag and deposit it in a steel drum outside the Division = of=20 Wildlife's offices across from the Holiday Inn. A couple of weeks later, = a state=20 lab reports whether the kill was infected.

Margy Constantino, a Brooklyn native who makes her own bullets in the = basement of her ranch house near Fort Collins, says some hunters haven't = waited=20 for test results before eating their kills. Ms. Constantino, who lives = in an=20 area with rates of CWD as high as 15%, shot a buck through the heart = last year=20 and waited about three weeks for results.

Though the results came back negative, she'd already had the animal = butchered=20 in the meantime. Since the local butchers tend to give customers ground = meat=20 made from pooled scraps, often there's no guarantee a hunter's kill = won't be=20 mixed with that of an animal that turned up positive for CWD.

"The processor takes scraps and turns it into hamburgers," says Jim = Widmier,=20 the proprietor of Arrow Dynamics, a shop in Fort Collins that caters to = bow=20 hunters. "That is a scary situation. The hamburger and sausage you get = is going=20 to be ground up with other people's."

If you have come to this page = from an=20 outside location click=20 here to get back to=20 mindfully.org

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